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Federalism
A system of government where power is divided between a national government and various regional governments.
Strict Constructionist
A person who interprets the Constitution literally, believing that the government can only do what the Constitution explicitly states it can do.
Loose Constructionist
An individual who believes in a broader interpretation of the Constitution, allowing for implied powers and flexibility in government actions.
Nullification
The idea that states have the right to invalidate any federal law that they believe is unconstitutional.
McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)
A landmark Supreme Court case that established federal supremacy over state laws and confirmed the implied powers of Congress.
Dual Federalism
A system of government where both the states and national government remain supreme within their own spheres, akin to a layer cake.
Cooperative Federalism
A system where powers and policy assignments are shared between states and the national government, resembling a marble cake.
Fiscal Federalism
The national government’s pattern of spending, taxing, and providing money to influence state and local governments, often through grants.
Funded Mandate
A requirement in which the federal government provides funds to states for them to implement certain policies.
Unfunded Mandate
A regulation or policy that requires states to perform certain actions without providing federal funds.
Categorical Grants
Federal grants that can only be used for specific purposes and often come with conditions.
Project Grants
Categorical grants awarded based on merit for particular projects, typically requiring an application process.
Formula Grants
Categorical grants in which the amount awarded varies based on a predetermined formula.
Block Grants
Federal grants given with fewer restrictions, aimed at broad programs without specific allocations.
Revolution/Devolution
A political movement aimed at reversing cooperative federalism and redistributing powers back to the states.