Ethics no conscience

Leviticus gay quote

"Man shall not lie with man as he does with woman, that is an abomination" Leviticus 20:13

extramarital sex quote

"Thou shalt not commit adultery"

What does Augustine say about sex

product of the fall

Utilitarianism's view on SE (Bentham)

Use a legalistic approach - if both partners consent its ok. Hedonic calculus

Utilitarianism's view on SE (Mill)

harm principle

2 Problems with Utilitarianism (SE)

1) Purely materialistic - metaethics challenge. 2) impractical as it's hard to use harm principle and hedonic calculus in the real world (unexpected pregnancies, Lord Devlin changing nature of the family)

NL quote on marriage

1 Corinthinas 7:9 "It is better to marry than to be aflame with passion"

NL view on SE

5 primary precepts - praise God can only be done in a married context, procreate means primary effect of sex must be to procreate

Issues fixed by NL in metaethics

Fixes grounding problem - God. Fixes impracticality - clear rules

2 universal problems of NL for SE and counters

1 - too legalistic and out of date (modern circumstances and contraception), Jack dominion (Catholic) sex before your wedding day is different to sex with a prostitute (counter - modern day isn't necessarially best). 2 - What about extreme cases e.g. Mrs Bergmeier. (counter DODE)

Problem of NL for premarital specifically

annullment means premarital sex can be seen as good during act but bad after, however NL is objective and must be the same at any time so contradictio.

What does SE say about SE (lol)

most important teaching is agape, for an action to be moral it must demonstrate agape and we use the 6 working props and the 4 key principles to work out if an action is the most loving

What does SE fix in Utilitarianism in SE

fixes grounding problem (God/bible) Matthew 7:12 "Do to others as you would have them do to you". fixes pracicality as by definition it has to be practical (propostiion of practicality) and the princ/props make it practical.

What does SE fix in NL in SE

It isn't legalistc by definition (principle of situationism + propostion of love's decisions not being made prescriptively)

Challenge to SE in SE and counter

goes against Christian teachings. We can see in the bible that teachings change based on circumstances (exodus vs matthew 7). Mouw taxicab fallacy - Jesus proclaims love above all else.

Kant on Homosexuality

not universalisable as human race would die out

Kant on SE

it can be universalisable but you must not treat people as a means to an end (second formulation) which almost always stops it

Counter to Kant on SE

sex is an emotional topic, and thus we can't use pure reason (is ought gap). We must look to Hume and use our emoitions as "reason is, and ought only to be, the slave of the passions"

Aquinas on Sex

the telos of sex is procreatio, and anything sexual without this is an "unnatural vice"

why is marriage important for catholics

It's a sacrament Mark 2:12 "the two shall become one flesh"

What is porneia

adultery

What does Moore say about Homosexuality and counter

Mouw taxicab fallacy doesn't abide other Leviticus rules. Counter Homosexuality mentioned in new testament Romans 1:27 "Men committed Shameless acts with other men"

What did Kant say about love

"Taken by itself sexual love is a degradation of human nature"

REMINDER TO CHANGE Sexual TOPIC BEFORE MOCK

I will

What are the three metaethical theories and describe them

Naturalism - we can understand ethics through the natural world. Intuitionalism - ethics is something we intrinsically know. Emotivism - ethics is a construction on emotions to explain behaviour

What is a moral realist/anti-realist

Ethics is/isnt absolute

Problem with relativism

grounding problem - Nazis are no better than charity workers

what is meta ethics

the study of if moral idea have meaning and if so why

What did Hume argue motivates ethics

our emotions and desires, not anything objective

what is the is ought gap and who created it

David Hume, you can't use matters of fact to talk about matters of value (contrapositive of the verification principle) without an emotive axiom (You can't add anything outside of the premises to the conclusion using syllogism alone)

What is a continuation of the is ought gap and who created it

G.E. Moore's Naturalistic Fallacy

How does G.E. Moore explain why moral facts are known through intuition + quote

It is a basic unit of knowlege, like the colour yellow or the number 2, you can't break it down into simpler parts and thus can only be self evident, case of Godel's incompleteness theorem incapable of proof. "good is good, and that is the end of the matter"

advantage of intuitionism and 2 disadvantiges

Avoids is ought gap, doesn't explain how different people have different morals, requires a transcendant emotive axiom which goes against ockham's razor

who created boo hurrah theory and what is it

A.J. Ayer, it expresses emotions and subjective opinions related to actions

strengths and potential weaknesses of emotivism

doesn't suffer from naturalistic fallacy or Ockham's razor or differing opinions. Does rule out the possibility of objective ethics (Macintyre moral vacuum), but this is circular reasoning

What does J.L. Mackie say about the queers?

all moral claims are "ontologically queer" as they are unlike other verifiable physical quantities and are thus non cognative

What is emotivism

Moral statements are explanations of people's emotions to actions

3 examples of naturalism

Bentham hedonism, Aristotle eudaimonia, Aquinas eudaimonia + God

argument against is ought gap (+ who says it)and counter

it only disproves deductive logic not inductive evidence (Patricia Churchland). if you consider contrapositive of verification principle then both are disproved

G.E. Moore naturalistic fallacy example

assume morality is not an axiom, but can be explained by something else e.g. pleasure

1 Goodness = Pleasure

2 “Goodness = pleasure” = “Pleasure = pleasure

3 however the LHS tells us something and is informative while the RHS doesn’t as it is a tautology, so we have a contradiction

Therefore Morality has to be an axiom and indescribable and improvable

Hume emotivism quote

"reason is a slave to emotion"

Argument against emotivism from moral progress and counter argument

We make moral progress (banning slavery) and thus morality must be an objective moral standard. Ayer would argue that it only appears we are making progress as our moral standard is present morality and thus all other morality looks worse.

stakeholder vs shareholder

shareholder are the people who own the company, stakeholders are people affected by the company

what is social contract theory

all stakeholders should be given a voice as to how the business operates as society allows businesses to operate

What is corporate social responsibility?

a business has a responsibility for society

What did Milton Friedman believe

The only responsibility of a business is to increase profits.

What does Robert solomon believe

CSR and taking care of the public is more important than profits

What does Adam smith believe + counter

If all parties act in self-interest, it will lead to the common good (invisible hand), doesn't work in monopolies or cartels

example of good ethics being good business

Gravity payments paid every worker the same wage and this caused the revenue of the company to triple in 4 years

example of bad ethics bad budiness

Nike's sweatshops were whistleblown which led to their stock falling by 15%

7 principles for a good business + creator

Cardinal Vincent Nichols Human dignity, common good, solidarity, subsidiarity, fraternity, reciprocity, sustainability

Utilitarianism on CSR

maximizing profits leads to principle of utility as it has a larger extent, Mill harm principle

Kant on CSR

duty for duty's sake you should not maximize profits by lying or greenwashing or otherwise, also you shouldn't use humans as a means to an end

what is whistle blowing

reporting of illegal activity in ones work

example of whistleblowing not nike

Cadbury's was whistleblown to have destroyed 70000 hectares of rainforest to grow palm oil, destroying the habitat of the critically endangered orangutan

Kant on whistleblowing

lying is wrong as it is a contradiction in conception, and treating people badly goes against the 2nd formulation so you should, what about duty to employer

Utilitarianism in whistleblowing

it depends on profit lost vs people effected, but generally profit has a higher extent, rule utilitarianism harm principle it would harm the business

Globalisation strengths

makes money, provides jobs, reduces chance for war

Globalisation 2 weaknesses

child labour, neo-colonializm

Globalisation Pope Francis

he thought globalisation was a form of colonialism where coporations gain control over countries e.g. united fruit company

Globalisation Utilitarianism

mostly good as principle of utility earns profit and creates jobs for many even if it does have bad effects for some so extent wins

Globalisation kantian ethics

exploitation of workers is always wrong even if it is the best alternative as you wouldn't want it so can't be universalised (contradiction in will), tax avoidance is lying. also uses humans as a means to an end

what is the triple bottom line

a business that maximizes profit, people and the planet

What is Kant's deontology

humans have duties that we should fulfil regardless of the outcome

What did Kant say about morality

it is not subjective, but part of the fabric of the universe.

What did kant say about autonomy

humans are autonomous, so we can work out morality using reason

What did kant say about emotions/outcomes

they are unreliable, so will is 100% logical and based on duty

Hypothetical imperative vs categorical imperative

hypothetical - outcome based (do a if you want b), categorical - rules based (do a for the sake of a)

What are the 3 formulations of the Categorical Imperative

Only do actions that can be universalised (Universalisation/ law of nature), treat people as ends in themselves, humans are a kingdom of ends (act as if you make the laws for everyone else)

what are the two contradictions

contradiction in conception (if everyone did it it would be illogical e.g. stealing), contradiction in will (if it was done to you it would be against your will)

What are the 3 kantian postulates

Freedom, immortality and God

Postulate of freedom + what it counters

we have freedom to choose the moral law over our lives, but our reason causes us to act consistently according to universal rules rather than momentary impulses. This means we have moral responsibility. This counters emotions

postulate of immortality + what it counters

moral actions can lead to our death, so we must postulate immortality to allow for the correct happiness to be ensured beyond this life in the summum bonum. This counters consequences

Postulate of God

the other two postulates rely on a God to create rational creatures and an immortal world

Why do we need a Summum bonum

acting virtuously doesn't lead to perfect happiness. We ought to seek perfect happiness so it must exist otherwise it would be illogical, therefore there must be a summum bonum where moral behaviour leads to happiness

what is Kant's axe

thought experiment to show you aren't responsible if you follow the CI

What are the 7 prima facie duties

Fidelity, reparation, gratitude, non-malevolence, benevolence, self-improvement, justice

why are prima facie duties needed and who created them

to help when we have conflicting duties, W.D.Ross

Strengths of Kant

encourages good motivation, all humans are equal, objective guidelines, allows human rights

Weaknesses of Kant

it can lead to bad outcomes, doesn't allow emotions, rely on God

name 2 things apart from duty kantian ethics considers + counters

maximizing human dignity (but you do this for duty's sake) rationality and reason (you have to understand your duty not just do it) this is still concerned with duty

Who are the main utilitarians for each theory

Act - Jeremy Bentham, Rule - John Stuart Mill, Preference - Peter Singer

What did Jeremy Bentham say about equality

"everyone to count for one, and nobody more than one"

word for only pleasure and pain

hedonistic

What is the principle of utility

Greatest good for the greatest number

What are the 7 features of the hedonic calculus

Purity, fecundity, extent, duration, intensity, certainty, remoteness

2 weaknesses of act utilitarianism

allows for immoral actions (tyranny of the majority, sadistic prison guards), means all pleasure is equal (Pig philosophy "it is better to be a human dissatisfied than a pig satisfied)

who created the trolly problem

Philippa foot

3 strengths of act utilitarianism

fair, secular, flexible

who created the Harm Principle and what is it

J.S.Mill, you can do what you want as long as it doesn't negatively effect others

What is rule utilitarianism

higher pleasures are more important than lower pleasures as they allow for more mental and character development

quote for all pleasures equal

"pushpin is as good as poetry"

2 critiques of rule utilitarianism

arbitrary the amount of levels of pleasure and can lead to lower total pleasure, it can lead to elitism as some people can't access higher pleasure and thus can be locked out from pleasure

What is preference utilitarianism and who agrees with it + quote

an action is moral if it satisfies the most preferences alongside the strength of the preferences R.M Hare "equal preferences count equally"

what does Singer believe about animals

same considerations as humans with no privilege for humans

counter to PU and counter counter

what about uninformed preferences who would not choose their preference if informed. Only well-informed preferences count

3 Strengths of natural law

clear through the synderesis rule and primary precepts, situationalist with secondary precepts and DODE, not based on a religious text but on God given reason

What is Natural law Cicero

"right reason in agreement with Nature"

What is the synderesis rule

"Good is to be done and pursued and evil is to be avoided" humans are naturally inclined to do good and avoid evil

What does Aquinas say is good

achieving your Telos "Eudaimonia" by attempting to experience God