OpenStax Psychology 2e Chapter 4

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Consciousness

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awareness of internal and external stimuli

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Sleep

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state marked by relatively low levels of physical activity and reduced sensory awareness that is distinct from periods of rest that occur during wakefulness

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63 Terms

1

Consciousness

awareness of internal and external stimuli

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2

Sleep

state marked by relatively low levels of physical activity and reduced sensory awareness that is distinct from periods of rest that occur during wakefulness

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3

Wakefulness

characterized by high levels of sensory awareness, thought, and behavior

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4

Biological rhythms

internal cycle of biological activity

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5

Circadian rhythm

biological rhythm that occurs over approximately 24 hours

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6

Homeostasis

tendency to maintain a balance, or optimal level, within a biological system

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7

Suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)

area of the hypothalamus in which the body's biological clock is located

<p>area of the hypothalamus in which the body's biological clock is located</p>
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8

Melatonin

hormone secreted by the endocrine gland that serves as an important regulator of the sleep-wake cycle

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9

Pineal gland

endocrine structure located inside the brain that releases melatonin

<p>endocrine structure located inside the brain that releases melatonin</p>
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10

Sleep regulation

brain's control of switching between sleep and wakefulness as well as coordinating this cycle with the outside world

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11

Jet lag

collection of symptoms brought on by travel from one time zone to another that results from the mismatch between our internal circadian cycles and our environment

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12

Insomnia

consistent difficulty in falling or staying asleep for at least three nights a week over a month's time

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13

Rotating shift work

work schedule that changes from early to late on a daily or weekly basis

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14

Sleep debt

result of insufficient sleep on a chronic basis

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15

Meta-analysis

study that combines the results of several related studies

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16

Sleep rebound

sleep-deprived individuals will experience shorter sleep latencies during subsequent opportunities for sleep

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17

Evolutionary psychology

discipline that studies how universal patterns of behavior and cognitive processes have evolved over time as a result of natural selection

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18

Rapid eye movement (REM)

period of sleep characterized by brain waves very similar to those during wakefulness and by darting movements of the eyes under closed eyelids

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19

non-REM (NREM)

period of sleep outside periods of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep

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20

Stage 1 sleep

first stage of sleep; transitional phase that occurs between wakefulness and sleep; the period during which a person drifts off to sleep

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21

Alpha waves

type of relatively low frequency, relatively high amplitude brain wave that becomes synchronized; characteristic of the beginning of stage 1 sleep

<p>type of relatively low frequency, relatively high amplitude brain wave that becomes synchronized; characteristic of the beginning of stage 1 sleep</p>
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22

Theta waves

type of brain wave characteristic of the end of stage 1 NREM sleep, which has a moderately low amplitude and a frequency of 4-7 Hz

<p>type of brain wave characteristic of the end of stage 1 NREM sleep, which has a moderately low amplitude and a frequency of 4-7 Hz</p>
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23

Stage 2 sleep

second stage of sleep; the body goes into deep relaxation; characterized by the appearance of sleep spindles

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24

Sleep spindle

rapid burst of high frequency brain waves during stage 2 sleep that may be important for learning and memory

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25

K-complex

very high amplitude pattern of brain activity associated with stage 2 sleep that may occur in response to environmental stimuli

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26

Stage 3 sleep

third stage of sleep; deep sleep characterized by low frequency, high amplitude delta waves

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27

Delta waves

type of low frequency, high amplitude brain wave characteristic of stage 3 and stage 4 sleep

<p>type of low frequency, high amplitude brain wave characteristic of stage 3 and stage 4 sleep</p>
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28

Manifest content

storyline of events that occur during a dream, per Sigmund Freud's view of the function of dreams

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29

Latent content

hidden meaning of a dream, per Sigmund Freud's view of the function of dreams

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30

Collective unconscious

theoretical repository of information shared by all people across cultures, as described by Carl Jung

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31

Lucid dreams

people become aware that they are dreaming and can control the dream's content

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32

Insomnia

consistent difficulty in falling or staying asleep for at least three nights a week over a month's time

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33

Cognitive-behavioral therapy

psychotherapy that focuses on cognitive processes and problem behaviors that is sometimes used to treat sleep disorders such as insomnia

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34

Parasomnia

one of a group of sleep disorders characterized by unwanted, disruptive motor activity and/or experiences during sleep

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35

Sleepwalking

(also, somnambulism) sleep disorder in which the sleeper engages in relatively complex behaviors

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36

REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD)

sleep disorder in which the muscle paralysis associated with the REM sleep phase does not occur; sleepers have high levels of physical activity during REM sleep, especially during disturbing dreams

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37

Restless leg syndrome

sleep disorder in which the sufferer has uncomfortable sensations in the legs when trying to fall asleep that are relieved by moving the legs

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38

Night terrors

sleep disorder in which the sleeper experiences a sense of panic and may scream or attempt to escape from the immediate environment

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39

Sleep apnea

sleep disorder defined by episodes during which breathing stops during sleep

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40

Obstructive sleep apnea

sleep disorder defined by episodes when breathing stops during sleep as a result of blockage of the airway

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41

Central sleep apnea

sleep disorder with periods of interrupted breathing due to a disruption in signals sent from the brain that regulate breathing

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42

Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP)

device used to treat sleep apnea; includes a mask that fits over the sleeper's nose and mouth, which is connected to a pump that pumps air into the person's airways, forcing them to remain open

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43

Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)

infant (one year old or younger) with no apparent medical condition suddenly dies during sleep

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44

Narcolepsy

sleep disorder in which the sufferer cannot resist falling to sleep at inopportune times

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45

Cataplexy

lack of muscle tone or muscle weakness, and in some cases complete paralysis of the voluntary muscles

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46

Physical dependence

changes in normal bodily functions that cause a drug user to experience withdrawal symptoms upon cessation of use

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47

Psychological dependence

emotional, rather than a physical, need for a drug which may be used to relieve psychological distress

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48

Tolerance

state of requiring increasing quantities of the drug to gain the desired effect

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49

Withdrawal

variety of negative symptoms experienced when drug use is discontinued

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50

Agonists

drug that mimics or strengthens the effects of a neurotransmitter

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51

Antagonists

drug that blocks or impedes the normal activity of a given neurotransmitter

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52

Depressant

drug that tends to suppress central nervous system activity

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53

Stimulants

drug that tends to increase overall levels of neural activity; includes caffeine, nicotine, amphetamines, and cocaine

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54

Methamphetamine

type of amphetamine that can be made from pseudoephedrine, an over-the-counter drug; widely manufactured and abused

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55

Euphoric high

feelings of intense elation and pleasure from drug use

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56

Opioid

one of a category of drugs that has strong analgesic properties; opiates are produced from the resin of the opium poppy; includes heroin, morphine, methadone, and codeine

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57

Opiates

one of a category of drugs that has strong analgesic properties; opiates are produced from the resin of the opium poppy; includes heroin, morphine, methadone, and codeine

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58

Methadone

synthetic opioid that is less euphorigenic than heroin and similar drugs; used to manage withdrawal symptoms in opiate users

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59

Methadone clinics

uses methadone to treat withdrawal symptoms in opiate users

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60

Codeine

opiate with relatively low potency often prescribed for minor pain

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61

Hallucinogen

one of a class of drugs that results in profound alterations in sensory and perceptual experiences, often with vivid hallucinations

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62

Hypnosis

state of extreme self-focus and attention in which minimal attention is given to external stimuli

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63

Meditation

clearing the mind in order to achieve a state of relaxed awareness and focus

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