Respiratory System Autonomy

What is the #1 function of the respiratory function?

Gas exchange

What are the 5 functions of the respiratory system?

Gas exchange

Receptors for smell

Filter, warm, and moisten incoming air

Produce sounds (phonation)

Eliminate some wastes other than CO2 (water vapor, alcohol, ketones)

What is respiration?

The exchange of gases between the atmosphere, the blood, and the body cells 

What are the 3 basic processes of respiration?

pulmonary ventilation

external respiration

internal respiration

what respiration process involves inspiration (inhalation) and expiration (exhalation), allowing the lungs to exchange air with the surrounding environment

pulmonary ventilation

what respiration process is the exchange of gases between the air in the lungs' alveoli and the blood in the pulmonary capillaries.

external respiration

What respiration process is the exchange of gases between the blood in the systemic capillaries and the body's tissue cells.

internal respiration

Why do we need oxygen?

It is essential for cellular respiration

Internal respiration requires oxygen because it is the cellular process where cells use oxygen to convert nutrients into energy (ATP)

Outline the flow of air moving through the respiratory airways starting with the nasal cavity and ending with alveoli

Nasal cavity —> pharynx —> larynx —> trachea —> primary bronchi —> secondary bronchi —> tertiary bronchi —> bronchioles —> terminal bronchioles —> respiratory bronchioles —> alveolar ducts and sacs —> alveoli

What is this?

Nasal septum

What is this and what is its purpose?

Nasal septum; division between right and left nostril

What is this?

Nasal cavity

is the lining of the nasal cavity, the interior of the nose

Nasal mucosa

What is this?

Nasal vestibule

What is the mucosciliary escalator?

the respiratory system's primary defense mechanism, clearing inhaled particles like dust, smoke, and bacteria from the airways using a synchronized system of mucus and cilia

What cells produce mucin (mucus) and why are cilia necessary?

Goblet cells secrete mucin

Cilia propel the mucus upward out of the lungs towards the throat to be swallowed or coughed out

Moving down the respiratory system, what do we lose first? goblet cells or cila?

Goblet cells

What organs are in the conducting portion of the respiratory system?

Nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, primary bronchi, bronchi 2 and 3, bronchiole, terminal bronchiole

What organs are in the respiratory portion of the respiratory system?

Respiratory bronchioles

Alveolar ducts and sacs

Alveoli

What portion of the respiratory system moves air into and out of the lungs, warming, humidifying, and filtering it. 

Conductive portion

What portion of the respiratory system exchanges oxygen and carbon dioxide with the blood. 

Respiratory portion

What is the larynx’s main function?

Voice production

What is this structure?

Thyroid cartilage

What is this structure?

Cricoid cartilage

What is this structure?

Vocal cord

What is this structure

Epiglottis

What is this structure?

Arytenoid cartilage

What is this structure?

Glottis

What is this structure?

Vestibular folds

What is this structure?

Vocal cord

What is this structure?

Lateral cricoarytenoid muscle

What is this structure?

Posterior cricoarytenoid muscle

Glottis muscles are contracting awkwardly; coughing

laryngospasm

The lengthening and thinning of the vocal leads to ____ pitches

Higher

The shortening and thickening of the vocal cords leads to ____ pitches

Lower

What type of epithelial cells are present in alveoli? and what is the function of each? (3)

Simple squamous epithelial cell (type I); primary cells responsible for the efficient exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the air in the lungs and the blood

Septal cell (type II); produce surfactant = reduces surface tension, prevent from collapsing

Macrophage (dust cell) = protection; phagocytosis bacteria, inhaled particles, debris

What is highlighted in green?

Nasopharynx

What is highlighted in blue?

Oropharynx

What is highlighted in purple?

Laryngopharynx

What is this structure?

Primary bronchi

What is the epithelium of the trachea, intrapulmonary bronchi, bronchioles, terminal bronchioles, respiratory bronchioles, alveoli?

Trachea = ciliated pseudostratified columnar

Intrapulmonary bronchi = ciliated pseudostratified columnar

Bronchiole = ciliated simple columnar

Terminal bronchiole = ciliated simple cuboidal

Respiratory bronchiole = ciliated simple cuboidal

Alveoli = simple squamous

What is this structure?

Hilus

The lungs consist of a ___ cavity; it has 2 layers, what are they called?

Pleural; parient and visceral layer

The pleural cavity consists of a fluid called…

Pleural fluidW

What does pleural fluid provide for the lungs?

Reduce friction

Create pressure gradient

Compartmentalize

Pulmonary ventiliation occurs in the….

Thoracic cavity

external respiration take place where?

across the alveolar membrane in the lungs

Where does internal respiration take place?

In the systemic capillaries throughout the body

This structure helps filter air; moisten and warm up; allow for voice to resonate

Paranasal air sinuses

Where is the location of the pharynx?

Posterior to nasal cavity, oral cavity and larynx

what is the muscular tube composition of the pharynx

Circular and longitudinal

The circular muscle tube of the pharynx does what?

constrictor muscles narrow the cavity to propel food downward (peristalsis)

The longitudinal muscle tube of the pharynx does what?

shorten and widen; elevate the pharynx to swallow

How does the bronchial tissue of an asthmatic patient differ from a healthy patient?

More mucus is produced

More leukocytes = increased swelling = airway gets narrower —> asthma attack

to act as a valve that covers the opening of the trachea (windpipe) during swallowing, preventing food and liquid from entering the lungs and ensuring they go down the esophagus

Epiglottis

Traveling down the respiratory tract, smooth muscle ___ as cartilage ___

increase, decreases

List the cartilage

Trachea -

Intrapulmonary bronchi - 

bronchioles - 

c-shaped cartilage

irregular plates of cartilage

cartilage = gone

a sheet of smooth muscle that connects the ends of the C-shaped cartilage rings at the back of the trachea

trachealis

explain the importance of the c-shaped cartilage to the structure of the trachea and areas surrounding it

With the esophagus being directly behind the trachea, the incomplete cartilage of the trachea allows for it to flatten and “move” with the movement of the esophagus when something is swallowed.

What is the functional unit of the bronchius tree?

Alveolus

What are the components of the respiratory membrane?

surfactant

type 1 alveolar epithelial cell

fused basement membrane

capillary endothelial cell

What is the surface area of each lung?

70 m²

The large surface area of the lungs is crucial for…

maximizing the efficiency  of gas exchange

brings deoxygenated blood from right ventricle to lung

pulmonary artery

brings oxygenated blood from left ventricle to bronchial tree

bronchial artery

takes oxygenated blood back to left atrium

pulmonary vein

The autonomic nervous system (ANS) regulates the tone of the _____ surrounding the airways, thereby controlling the diameter of the bronchioles and the amount of air moving in and out of the lungs

Smooth muscle

the parasympathetic nervous system sparks…

bronchoconstriction

The sympathetic nervous system sparks

bronchodilation