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ABC

antecedent-behavior-consequence

Antecedent Interventions

Recognizing environmental factors contributing to problematic behavior and making necessary changes to promote appropriate behavior and reduce possible triggers for maladaptive

Antecedent

Events that occur before a bx

Backward Chaining

Teaching skill steps one at a time from the last step to the first and prompting all steps before the step being taught

Reinf after teaching step and at the end of task

Behavior Intervention Plan (BIP)

Once the function of a bx has been determined, these are used for antecedent strategies, responding to maladaptive bx, teaching replacement bx and what interventions to use, both verbal and physical

Behavior

Anything a person does that can be observed and measured

Four functions

Automatic/Sensory

Providing self-stimulation and is automatically reinforced

Escape

Avoiding or escaping a demand or undesirable task

Attention

Can be socially mediated and sees attention in any way from others

Access

Tangible, wanting a preferred item

Chaining

Used to teach multi-step skills in which the steps involved are defined through task analysis

Each separate step is taught to link together the total "chain"

Backward, forward, total task

Consequence

Something that follows a bx

Continuous Measurement

Records every single occurrence of a bx

I.E: frequency, duration, rate, and per opportunity

Continuous Reinforcement

The target bx occurs and is reinforced after every occurrence

Deprivation

Not having something often enough and in return increases the effectiveness of it when used as a reinforcer

Differential Reinforcement

A procedure in which one bc is reinforced while other bx are extinguished

Differential Reinforcement of INCOMPATIBLE behaviors (DRI)

Reinforce bx incompatible with an undesired bx

I.E: reinforce Johnny for writing his name appropriately rather than tapping his pencil

Differential Reinforcement of ALTERNATIVE Behaviors (DRA)

Reinforce bx that is an appropriate alternative(replacement) for the undesired bx

I.E: reinforce Annie when she asks for a break instead of yelling to get out of work

Differential Reinforcement of OTHER Behaviors (DRO)

Reinforce any other bx other than the undesirable bx

I.E: reinforce Luke with a gummy every 5 minutes he does not engage In crying

Discontinuous Measurement

Used to measure some instances of bx but not all; typically associated with partial and whole interval recording and momentary time sampling

Discrete Trial (DTT)

Learning opportunity initiated and controlled by the teacher in which the correct response will be reinforced

This also is breaking a skill into smaller parts and teaching it while using reinforcement

Allows for presentation of many learning opportunities in a short amount of time

Following 3-term contingency

Discrimination Training

The procedure in which a bx is reinforced in the presence of one stimulus and extinguished in the presence of another stimulus

Assists with learning how to respond in different environments/conditions

Allows client to learn differences between stimuli

Discriminative Stimulus (SD)

A cue that signals reinforcement is available if the subject makes a particular response (demand or instruction)

Dual Relationship

Situation where multiple roles exist between a therapist and a parent or client

AKA multiple relationships

Duration

The amount of time that someone engages in a bx

Echoic

Repeating the speaker

AKA verbal imitation

Error Correction

When a client makes a mistake on a target, this is the process that they follow to correct

Errorless Teaching

Prompt the correct response as soon as you give the SD

Essentially, you are not giving the client a chance to make an error

Ethics

Must follow the BACB's code of ethics

Failure to follow the mandatory code of ethics can lead to loss of employment and certification

Expressive Language

The ability to communicate

This is the ability to express one's thoughts, ideas, wants, and needs

Extinction

The withholding of reinforcement for a previously reinforced bx, resulting in reduction of that bx

Extinction Burst

The increase in frequency and/or intensity of bx in the early stages of extinction

Fixed Interval (FI)

This schedule of reinforcement is used for a set amount of time

Client earns reinforcement after X amount of time that is the same every time

Fixed Ratio (FR)

This schedule of reinforcement is used for a set amount of time

Client earns reinforcement after X amount of responses that is the same every time

Forward Chaining

Teaching skill steps one at a time from the first step to the last and prompting all steps after the step being taught

Reinforcement after teaching step and at the end of task

Frequency

The amount of times, or count, a bx or response happens

Functional Relationship

How a persons bx change the world around them and how those changes affect the future likelihood on these same bx

Functions of Behavior

Used when determining why an individual engaged in certain bx

Four functions: escape, access (tangibles), attention, sensory (automatic reinforcement)

Generalization

Change occurs when that bx occurs outside of the learning environment

Can happen across settings, time, and exists when the bx occurs in these various environments

HIPAA (Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act)

Provides federal protections for individual health info, including the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of protected info

Imitation

Copying someone

Incidental Teaching (IT)

A teaching technique used in naturally occurring environments and can create natural incidents of learning

Social, communication, play, and other forms of interaction

Instructional Control

Developing a history of reinforcing compliance

Placing task demands and other instructions following pairing

The likelihood that the child will Eli it a response

Intermittent Reinforcement

Schedule of reinforcing some but not all desirable bx

Inter-Response Time (IRT)

The time between two responses given

Intraverbal

Verbal bx term; client respond to a demand or question that is not the same as the demand or question

Example: "how are you?" "Good"

Latency

The time between when the SD is presented and the response is given

Listener Responding

Following a direction given

Receptive language

Listener Responding Feature Function Class (LRFFC)

Used to describe and deceptively find an object when given the feature, function, or class of that item

Appearance, what it is used for, and the category it falls under

Magnitude

The force or intensity with which a response is emitted

Maintenance

The ability of a child to demonstrate previously acquired skills over time and durations when reinforcement has been faded

Mand

Asking for something; a request that has motivation

Measurement

Collecting data on various skills or behaviors

Momentary Time Sample

Looking for a behavior's occurrence during a specific part of the interval and recording if it is occurring at that precise moment

Example: setting a timer to go off every minute for a 30-min interval, only checking for bx and marking it down as the time goes off

Motivating Operation (MO)

Change in environment that increases or decreases the effectiveness of a given reinforcer

Used with EO or AO

Natural Environment Teaching (NET)

When the learner initiates a learning opportunity and the reinforcer is a result of the activity or learning opportunity

Naturalistic teaching

Negative Reinforcement

Removing a stimulus to increase/strengthen a bx

Operational Definition

Definitions of a bx that are measurable, objecting, and observable

Pairing

Establishing yourself as a reinforcer or the deliverer of reinforcement while building a positive relationship

Partial Interval Recording

Involves checking off an interval if the bx occurs at ANY point within the interval - even if it only occurred for 1 second

Permanent Product

Tangible product or environmental outcome that proves a skill

Positive Reinforcement

Adding a stimulus to strengthen/increase bx

Preference Assessment (PA)

Assessment to determine what a child is motivated by

Prompt

For of assistance that you add in order to achieve a desired response or bx that is not occurring

Used to evoke the correct response so it can be reinforced

Stimulus and response prompts

Prompt Hierarchy

Level of prompts used from greatest to least or least to greatest

Prompt Fading

Gradually removing prompt levels needed or fading out the intrusiveness

Punishment

Anything that is added or removed after a bx that decreases it, makes it less likely to happen again

Positive Punishment

A stimulus presented after a bx occurs which decreases the bx

Negative Punishment

A stimulus removed after a bx occurs which decreases the bx

Rate

Ratio of count per observation time

How many times a bx occurs in a set amount of time

Reactive Strategies

Techniques used in response to behaviors or skills

Receptive Language

Listener bx and refers to tasks that require a non-vocal action or motor response such as touch, imitation, or pointing

Reinforcement

Anything that is added or removed after a bx or that increases it, makes it more likely to happen again

Positive Reinforcement

A stimulus presented after a bx which increases the bx

Negative Reinforcement

A stimulus removed after a bx occurs which increases the bx

Replacement Behavior

A bx that you want to replace an unwanted target bx

Satiation

When a reinforcer loses its effectiveness due to overuse

Shaping

The process of reinforcing gradual changes in a. Bx so the bx begins to look like the target bx while no longer reinforcing the previous accepted response

Skill Acquisition

Developing of new skills, habits, quality

Spontaneous Recovery

The reappearance of the extinguished bx after a period without reinforcing the bx

Stimulus

Anything that elicits a response followed by a consequence

Stimulus Control

Precedes the bx but affects the outcome; has influence over bx

Stimulus Control Transfer

A process in which prompts are removed in order to bring the bx under the control of the SD and is achieved by prompt fading

Stimulus Prompt

Stimuli that are used to help evoke correct response

Positional cues, environmental, moving items or changing features/color and size/proximity

Tact

Form of verbal bx where the speaker communicates that they see, hear, smell, or taste something and then comments about it (a label)

Task Analysis

The process of breaking a skill down into smaller, more manageable components

Token Economy

A method used to try and reinforce (increase) the frequency of a target bx

Topography

What the behavior looks like

Total Task Chaining

Teaching the behavior chain steps all at once

Reinforcement delivered for independence and at the end of the task

Transfer Trial AKA Distractor

Skills are transferred to another skill before being transferred to the original demand

Variable Interval (VI)

This schedule of reinforcement is used for a variable amount of time

Client earns reinforcement within X-Y range of time

Variable Ratio (VR)

This schedule of reinforcement is used for a variable amount of responses

Client earns reinforcement after X-Y number of responses

Whole Interval Recording

Involves checking off an interval if the bx occurs within the entirety of the interval