Bacteria

what Kingom do bacteria belong to

Monera

pathogen

micro organism that causes a disease

prokyraotic

they dont have a nucleus or no membrane enclosed organelles

cell wall

protects cell from bursting

flagellum

allows bacteria to move

plasmids

contains genes in DNA loop (responsible antiobiotic resistance) and used as a vector genetic engineering

capsule

protects bacteria from other micro organisms

cytoplasm

contains ribosomes,storage granules used for food and waste

three types bact groups

round shaped - pneumonia rod shaped -tuberculosis spiral shaped cholera

how do bacteria reproduce

Binary fission (asexual)

step one Binary fission

Dna replicates

step 2 Binary fission

cell elongates with dna strand going to each end

step 3 binary fission

cell splits into 2 simillar cells

bacteria reproduce time

every 20m

how do bacteria survive harsh conditions

produce an endospore.

how does an endospore form

during Binary fission tough walled endospore surrounds new strand DNA

endospore can remain dormant long period.

when conditions are suitable endospore absorb water tough wall breaks down

harsh conditions

lack of food, high temperature

mutation

change in amount or structure of DNA

Antiobiotics

chemical reproduced by microorganisms to kill other micro organisms - Alexander flemming

Antibiotic resistance

occurs when bacteria are no longer killed or inhibited by antibiotics

how do bacteria become antibiotic resistant

developing by mutations ( can happen quickly as they reproduce rapidly)

where is the gene for antiobotic resistance found

plasmid

what encourages bacteria to evolve and become antibiotic resistant

taking antibiotics too often, the failure to finish or complete a course of antibiotics

use your knowledge of the theory of natural selection to explain possible danger involved missuse of antibiotics

become resistant - developing by mutations. new antibiotic resistant bacteria will increase in numbers due to lack competition

how do bacteria get food

beiing Autotrophic or heterotrophic

Autotropic bacteria

make their own food

two types Autotropic bacteria

photosynthesis bacteria - absorb light make food - purple sulphur - chemosynthetic - chemical reactions - nitryfing bacteria

Heterotrophic bacteria

take in food from other organisms

two types heterotrophic bacteria

saprophyte - take in food from dead host - act as decomposers e.g bacteria of decay. parasites - take in food from live host cause harm - control other population numbers - tetanus

factors affecting bacterial growth

Temperature Ph temperature not suitable enzymes become denatured same with Ph

economic importance bacteria benefits

used to make insulin drugs vitamins alchohols, used in genetic engineering, used to make antibiotics

economic importance disadvantages

can cause human diseases tuberculosis food poisining causes plant diseases cause milk to turn sour.

growth curve 5 stages

lag log stationary decline death

lag phase

population bacteria remains low adapting new environment

log phase

increasing rapidly conditions ideal (loads food oxyen space moisture)

stationary phase

bacteria numbers remain steady no longer increasing (lack food build up toxic wastes lack oxygen)

decline phase

bacteria numbers decrease

death survival stage

all bacteria can die or a small may survive producing spores

what stage do endospores form

stationary decline death

what is a bioreactor

container which living things carryout chem reactions to make product e.g yoghurt alcohol

two methods food production

batch and continous flow culture

batch culture

fixed amount of sterile nutrients added to a bioreactor. go through lag log stationary sometimes decline to produce product. at end bioreactor emptied and cleaned

product formed batch culture

antibiotics yoghurts

continous flow culture

nutrients continously added to bioreactor/ food product continously removed. help

batch continous culture different