Physiology 1-5

Describe the concept of emergent properties

An emergent property is a trait that becomes something when you combine things together

What are cells

Cells are made up from atoms and molecules

What is an example of a cell?

1. neurons are cells that make nerve tissue

2. red blood cells: carry oxygen from the lungs to the rest of the body

How are cells protected from their external environment?

By a lipid and protein barrier

What is the general name of the fluid inside cells?

Intracellular fluid

What is the general name of the fluid outside cells?

Extracellular fluid

Which of these fluids is the key site of homeostasis as it applies to

physiology?

Extracellular fluid

Describe the relationship between cells, tissues, organs, and organ systems

Cells are in every living thing and they group together to form tissues, tissues combine to create organs that have specific functions and organs work together to create a organ systems and keep the body functioning

What is one key functional feature that is common among the following organ

systems: respiratory system, digestive system, urinary system, and reproductive

system?

They all exchange material between the internal and external environment

What is a structural feature that is common among the following organ systems:

circulatory system, nervous system, endocrine system, and immune system?

Transport material within the body

List the 10 organ systems of the body, their major components, and a

representative function.

1. integumentary- protective layer

2. musculoskeletal- supports body movement

3. respiratory-exchange gasses

4. digestive- eliminates waste

5. urinary (renal)- removes excess water and waste

6. reproductive- produces eggs and sperm

7. cardiovascular - pumps blood through vessels

8. nervous- coordinates body function

9. endocrine- coordinates body function

10. immune- protects internal environment

Contrast between teleology and mechanism.

Teleology approach explains the “why”

mechanism approach explains the “how”

Why is homeostasis required for the body?

It helps keep the body stable

How is homeostasis achieved in the body

The body monitors its internal stat and takes action to correct disruptions that threaten its normal function

What is the difference between normal physiology and pathology (or

pathophysiology)?

Normal physio is how the body works and the organ system working together to keep the body healthy.

pathology occurs when something goes wrong (when body fails to maintain homeostasis), often leading to a disease or illness

T/F: homeostasis is responsible for correcting external causes of pathology.

False

T/F: homeostasis may correct internal causes of pathology.

true

What is the significance of the body being an open system in terms of

homeostasis? As part of your response, describe, in general, what the body

would need to do when someone drank an excess amount of water. What

happens to this water?

it exchanges mater and energy with its environment so when it takes in things like water, oxygen and food it releases them as carbon dioxide, urine, and heat. This is important in homeostasis because our body has to adjust its internal environment . When someone drinks an excess amount of water the excess water filters through the kidneys and is eliminated by urine.

What is homeostasis?

Keeping the internal environment relativley stable

What is equilibrium?

Equilibrium means that something is in a state of balance

What is disequilibrium?

Something not being balanced (ex: drinking excess water)

An example of disequilibrium in the body

When blood sugars rises the body releases insulin to level it down

What are examples of regulated variables in the body?

Blood pressure

Blood glucose

a diagram with the four major components of a Control Syste

a diagram of a reflex pathway.

Describe the difference between

negative feedback and positive

feedback.

Negative: the espouse counteracts the stimulus, shutting off the response loops.

Positive: the espouse reinforces the stimulus , sending the variable farther from the set point

Giving birth is an example of (choose):

a. Positive feedback

b. Negative feedback

c. Response loop

d. Homeostasis

a. Positive feedback

What is feedforward control?

Anticipation that a change is about to happen to prepare the body for the change

What is the abbreviation for the following ions?

a. Sodium ion →

b. Potassium ion

c. Calcium ion

d. Hydrogen ion

e. Magnesium ion →

f. Chloride ion

g. Bicarbonate ion

h. Phosphate ion

a. Na+

b. K+

C. Ca2+

D. H+

E. Mg2+

F. Cl-

G. HCO-3

H. HPO4 2-

What are two functions of ions in the body?

1. Forms the basis for the electrical signaling in the body

2. Some act as buffers to prevent changes in ph

Why do we need buffers in the body?

To maintain a Stable ph

What are two types of biomolecules where a phosphate group is present?

1. Nucleotides and nucleic acids

2. Phospholipids

What type of biomolecule is a triglyceride?

A lipid

Explain in your own words the relevance of cholesterol in physiological function. In other words, what does cholesterol do in the body? And what happens if there is too much of it?

Cholesterol is the primary source in the human body. It balances salt and water, it’s a stress respond and dietary nutrient absorption, if there is too much there could be liver dysfunction, atherosclerotic vascular disease and dermatological abnormalities.

What is the major component of cell membranes?

phospholipid bilayer

What are the differences between sucrose, glucose, and glycogen?

1. Glucose is our body’s source of energy

2. Sucrose is sugar we eat that breaks down into glucose + fructose

3. Glycogen is how the body stores extra glucose for later use

What is the technical term used to describe diabetes

Diabetes mellitus

What are the building blocks of proteins?

Amino acids

List the 7 major functions of proteins

1. Enzymes

2. Membrane transporters

3. Signal molecules

4. Receptors

5. Building proteins

6. Immunoglobulins

7. Regulatory proteins

Insulin is a type of which biomolecule? What type of molecular interaction

connects the two chains of insulin together?

A protein. Chain A connects to chain B by covalent bonds

Hemoglobin is which type of biomolecule?

Protein

DNA stands for

Deoxyribonucleic acid

RNA stands for

Ribonucleic acid

ATP stands for

Adenosine tri phospate

All dna, rna, atp are types of

Nucleic acids

Water molecules are made up of 1 oxygen and 2 hydrogens. Both hydrogens

interact with the oxygen through covalent bonding. However, the whole water

molecule must interact with other water molecules around it. What is the name

of this type of interaction?

Hydrogen bond

Things that are hydrophilic can easily dissolve in water. Things are hydrophobic

dissolve poorly in water or not at all. Salts, which can break down into their

positively and negatively charged ions such as NaCl → Na+ + Cl- easily dissolve

in water while molecules such as fats do not dissolve in water

Fats (fatty acids) are not charged and not polar. Water is polar, which means it

has a partial positive and a partial negative. As a result, ions that came from salts

can easily dissolve in water because they have a charge.

T/F: a protein that normally functions properly in the saliva (pH ~ 6.5) will be denatured (lose its structure) in the stomach (pH ~ 1) and fail to function.

True

Drug A works by entering cells and binding to Protein X, which can then act as an enzyme to break apart DNA. However, Drug A does not bind to the active site of Protein X.

a. Which of the following would be true of Drug A?

Drug A is an allosteric modulator

Drug A works by entering cells and binding to Protein X, which can then act as an enzyme to break apart DNA. However, Drug A does not bind to the active site of Protein X.

B. Which of the following is true of DNA in this situation

DNA is a ligand (same as substrate)