Path Test 1 Review Retake

The period from old age to death is called:

Senescence

Turner’s syndrome is caused by an absence of all or part of the Y chromosome.

False

Overall risks of cancer decrease with age.

False

Complete blockage of the carotid arteries can cause unconsciousness within 10–15 seconds.

True

The mechanisms for metastasis of a malignant tumor are varied. Which of the following is NOT a true statement?

 

A malignancy that metastasizes to another area is named for the new site.

What percentage chance does a parent affected with an autosomal dominant disorder have of passing the disorder on to each of his or her children?

 

50%

A collection of high-risk maternal infections is known by the abbreviation:

 

TORCH

Which of the following diagnoses is at risk for atlantoaxial instability?

 

Down syndrome

Benign and malignant tumors differ from each other in several ways. Which of the following statements is NOT typical of a malignant tumor?

 

They are similar in appearance to cells of the host tissue.

You are treating a patient who states he had bone cancer in the right femur. You classify this as a/an:

osteosarcoma

An increase in the number of cells due to an increased rate of cellular division is called:

hyperplasia

Mortality indicates the relative number of deaths from a particular disease.

True

The outcome of a disease is called its:

Prognosis

A patient has experienced a grade 2 reaction to radiation in the axilla. Which of the following would be an inappropriate treatment for a patient with this diagnosis?

 

Use of antiperspirants

Reactive chemicals produced during cell metabolism are called free radicals.

True

Potential unwanted outcomes of a primary condition, such as paralysis of the right upper extremity after recovery from a stroke, is called a:

 

sequelae

Decreased saliva and increased incidence of periodontal disease often influence dietary choices.

True

Nonmalignant tumors are often encapsulated.

True

The doctor determines that the patient has influenza. He is making a/an:

diagnosis

A 9-year-old child falls off his skateboard going down a flight of concrete stairs. The child comes running home, where his mother notes some blood over the child's right knee and takes him to the emergency room. The ER doctor notes that the skin just below the knee has been scraped and irregularly broken to reveal underlying soft tissue over a 1 x 3 cm area. Which of the following terms best describes this injury?

laceration

Which of the following pertains to a disease of unknown cause?

Idiopathic

The goal of physical therapy for the child with Down syndrome is to minimize the development of compensatory movements and emphasize proper posture.

True

Congenital hip dysplasia is more common in male than female infants.

False

Cellular self-digestion is called:

autolysis

The PTA is treating a patient who develops Salmonella from eating strawberries that had not been cleaned properly. This would be an example of:

 

pathogenesis of the disease

Which of the following is a characteristic of an acute illness?

 

disease with a rapid onset and short duration

A malignant tumor of the epithelial lining of a gland is an example of a(n):

adenosarcoma

The period of recuperation and return to normal health is called the prognosis.

False

A 47-year-old healthy woman has a routine check of her health status. On examination she has short stature, a broad chest, and a webbed neck. She has never had menstrual periods. She is employed as a laboratory technician. Which of the following syndromes is she most likely to have?

 

Turner's syndrome

A collection of signs and symptoms occurring together is called a(n):

Syndrome

Preventive medicine is categorized as primary, secondary, or tertiary. Primary prevention is characterized by which of the following?

 

regular exercise to prevent osteoporosis

There is often no pain when a tumor is in its early stages.

True

Which of the following is the major mechanism of injury in drowning?

Hypoxemia

Heavy doses of ionizing radiation have been linked to microcephaly, mental retardation, and skeletal malformations.

True

The PTA should inform patients with albinism about reducing risks of which of the following disorders?

 

skin cancer

Diseases lead to a disruption of which of the following?

Homeostasis

This type of collagen is prominent in blood vessels, gastrointestinal tract, liver, and the uterus. It is absent in bones and tendons.

 

Type III

All of the following are characteristics of a benign tumor, except:

 

spreads via the lymph system to other organs

Which of the following are examples of intrinsic causes of disease? Select all that apply.

1. Autoimmune conditions

2. Inherited genetic mutations

3. Congenital abnormalities

Which side effects of chemotherapy may have a direct and negative impact physical therapy sessions? Select all that apply.

1. Fatigue

2. Peripheral neuropathy

 3. Increased risk of infection

 4. Nausea

Which lifestyle factors can negatively impact disease progression? Select all that apply.

1. Excessive alcohol use

2. Smoking

3. Poor diet high in processed foods

 4. Chronic stress

Which of the following are autosomal recessive disorders? Select all that apply.

 

Phenylketonuria

Which of the following are recognized risk factors that may increase the likelihood of developing cancer? Select all that apply.

1. Excessive UV radiation exposure

2. Exposure to certain carcinogenic chemicals

3. Tobacco Use

Which of the following are potential effects of obesity? Select all that apply.

1. Osteoarthritis

2. Hypertension

3. Increased risk of type 2 diabetes

Discuss how genetics, aging, gender, ethnicity, race, socioeconomic factors, and environmental factors together play a role in the health and development of diseases in individuals. Be very detailed and specific in your response with precise examples and supporting material for your answer.

Genetics, aging, gender, ethnicity, race, socioeconomic factors, and environmental factors all play a role in the health and development of diseases in individuals in many different ways. Genetics and aging play a role in the development of diseases because some diseases can be hereditary, and others may progress and appear later in life due to aging. Gender plays a role in developing diseases because certain genders can get certain diseases. For example, women can only get Turner's Syndrome, and men are more susceptible to kidney disease than women. Ethnicity and race play a part in the development of diseases because some people are more prone to some diseases due to their ethnicity and race. For example, African Americans are more susceptible to Albinism than Caucasian people. Socioeconomic factors play a role in the development of diseases in individuals because if you have no money, you are unlikely to be able to pay for treatment or access the best food to prevent or stop diseases. Lastly, environmental factors play a role in disease in individuals: if your environment is full of chemicals and pollution, it can cause stress, which can accelerate disease progression or even cause it in the first place.

Although signs and symptoms differ based on the type of cancer and its staging, there are general manifestations of the disease. Discuss in detail the localized and systemic effects of tumors and how these can affect patients receiving physical therapy.

A patient with localized and systemic effects of tumors can be affected during physical therapy by not allowing them to continue physical therapy or making it very hard to do physical therapy when they go to do it. The localized effects of tumors can cause a patient to have trouble in specific areas of the body. The systemic effects of tumors can affect a patient more broadly, throughout the body.

The PTA is seeing a 42 year old patient who was evaluated for complaints of right shoulder pain and decreased right shoulder range of motion and flexibility. The plan of care consists of a hot pack for pain relief followed by T-bar range of motion exercises progressed to theraband resistive exercises in all planes of shoulder motion. The PTA is performing assessments prior to applying the hot pack. In addition to complaints of pain of 6/10 in the shoulder area, the patient also complains of persistent fatigue despite getting 7-8 hours of sleep every night, unexplained weight loss, and a painless lump anterior to her underarm area. All other sensory tests and other testing is normal with no contraindications to the prescribed treatments. What should the PTA do? Please be thorough and explain in detail the next steps the PTA should take for this patient.

The PTA should report everything they have witnessed of the patient to the PT. The PTA should discuss lowering the intensity of the physical therapy because the patient is fatigued and has pain. The PTA should explain to the PT that there is a chance that the patient has a tumor anterior to her underarm area. A tumor could explain the unexplained weight loss. 

I am looking for consult with the PT for a referral to oncology. This is beyond both the PT and the PTAs scope and should be addressed by a specialist to rule out cancer.

A patient with a diagnosis of stomach cancer is beginning a general strengthening program at outpatient physical therapy. Weight training has been prescribed by the supervising physical therapist. Which of the following is an appropriate program for this patient?

High repetition, low weight with an RPE of 14 or below

Which of the following is an example of a single-gene disorder?

 

Sickle cell anemia

Which of the following cells in the body cannot be replaced?

 

Cardiac muscle fibers

The spread of cancer from the primary tumor is called mutation.

False

Marfan’s syndrome affects which of the following body tissues?

Connective

Autosomal recessive disorders include all of the following, except:

 

hemophilia A

Using the International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health (ICF) classification system, which of the following would be defined as the execution of specific tasks or actions?

 

activity

An example of a sign of a disease would be which of the following?

Fever

Injury-related deaths are highest in young adults and the elderly.

True

Angiogenesis is:

 

the process of development of a blood supply to a tumor.

The four common mechanisms of cell injury include all of the following, except:

decrease in secretion of hormones.

Kaposi’s sarcoma often develops in the presence of which of the following conditions?

 

Acquired immune deficiency syndrome

The period of recuperation and return to normal health is called the prognosis.

False

A specific treatment of a disease is based on which of the following major factors?

Cause

A patient is receiving physical therapy while undergoing chemotherapy for a diagnosis of cancer. The patient has complained of fatigue throughout the course of therapy. Which of the following is incorrect advice to give this patient?

 

The patient should be encouraged to sleep 10 hours per day.

In apoptosis, cells appear to “digest” themselves via which of the following actions?

Enzymatic

A patient after recent and total knee replacement cannot climb stairs. The patient was previously independent in all care and worked as a accountant. Using the ICF model, what classification does the inability to negotiate stairs fall under?

 

activity limitation

Predisposing factors are also known as co-factors.

False

The most common chemical asphyxiant is carbon dioxide.

False

Which of the following imaging devices BEST provides detailed information about soft tissue?

MRI

The physical therapist assistant (PTA) is treating a patient in the hospital who is about to leave her room for an imaging test and is worried out exposure to radiation. Which of the following imaging studies is MOST accurately described by the PTA as having no exposure of the patient to ionizing radiation?

MRI

X-linked recessive disorders include Duchenne muscular dystrophy and Marfan's syndrome.

False

A palliative surgery for cancer is performed to:

 

alleviate pain

The patient you are treating begins complaining of dizziness, a racing pulse, and an aching pain in her lower legs. She is describing:

symptoms

Infants with phenylketonuria are treated with special dietary therapy to prevent:

 

brain damage

Which of the following are mechanisms of cellular injury? Select all that apply.

 

Chemical toxins

Which of the following are symptoms? Select all that apply.

 

Shortness of breath (as reported by patient)

Which of the following are autosomal recessive disorders? Select all that apply.

Phenylketonuria

Which of the following terms are correctly defined? Select all that apply.

Phenotype — physical expression of genes

Mutation — change in DNA sequence

Karyotype — display of chromosome arrangement

Infections that can spread from one person to another

Communicable

Two or more coexisting but unrelated medical conditions

Comorbidities

Conditions that trigger acute episodes

Exacerbations

The time in early disease development when a patient is aware of a nonspecific change in the body

Prodromal

The probability or likelihood for recovery or other outcomes

Prognosis

Subjective feelings

Symptoms

An initial silent disease stage in which no clinical signs are evident

Subclinical

Subsiding disease symptoms

Remission

Which of the following are steps involved in maintaining homeostasis? Select all that apply.

 1. Detection of a change

2.Response from an effector

3. Feedback to the control center

X-ray

Best for detecting fractures and bone alignment

CT scan

Provides detailed cross-sectional images

MRI

Provides detailed images of soft tissues such as muscles, ligaments, and intervertebral discs

Ultrasound

Useful for real-time imaging of soft tissues; often used for tendons, organs, and pregnancy

Electrocardiogram (ECG/EKG)

Measures electrical activity of the heart