UGA CLAS 1000 FINAL: WOLKOW

something about sparta

the "mirage" of untouchable military state

sparta-- control

total dedication to war, image, young spartan spies (krypteia)-- "undercover,

Sparta and the Peloponnesian League

560 BC, centripetal, defensive, right of veto,

sparta-- organization

takes organization to an extreme degree; legend of Lykourgos, eunomia, society OVER individual

synoecism

subjugation (Lakonian plain, Messenia); helots, perioikoi-- control of Messenia and constant threat of revolt; P. league

"military" state

-no spartan male is a farmer or trader

-no personal property (kleroi ["lots"] assigned by polis

-military education (endurance, cunning, loyalty, obedience)

-family structure disturbed

--> gender/age divison

--> women: PE...idea that strong women produce strong men

--> syssition ("sitting together, messmates) -- wealth requirement

-tradition and adherance to religion (esp. Delphi)

sparta: government

2 kings, hereditary, war and religion, gerousia, 5 ephors, assembly, checks and balances

sparta: Gerousia

council of gerontes, "old men"

-28 men, 60+ yrs of age (kings also members)

-"lifetime" appointment

-judicial

sparta: 5 ephors

"overseer & watcher"

-one year appt (no reelection)

-audited by next ephors

- maitain eunomia (power to depose king, education system)

-some judicial (civic, non-Spartans, foreign embassies)

Assembly

-all male citizens

-elect Gerousia, ephors (acclamation)

-little to no discussion on laws-- Gerousia can pull votes!

checks and balances (eunomia)

mixed constitution

sparta: problems

-declining citizenry (male, of course)

-production of children ("eugenics")

-private property ( zero-sum game)--> less meet wealth requirement

-internal strife (kings, ephors & kings, non-Spartans -- illegitmate kids)

spartan poet: Tyrtaios

active (650-625 B.C.)

-spartan or athenian? ... second messenian war

-fr. 4: spartan constitution from Delphi (no ephors)

-*adaptation of heroic ethic

--> shame, appearance, & reality, time

--> arete (courage, battle prowess

- no individual time, kleos,

-no indl v. society

spartan poet: Alkman

active 650-600 Bc

-spartan or lydian (non-greek)

-the cultural side of Sparta, religious ritual, use of myth, hubris, god/human asymmetry, pageantry, performance, and reperformance of the first fragment

the aristocrats

tyranny (extra-conventional seizure of power, largely Archaic age)

-usually distinguished aristocrat/ disgruntled (yet often populist)

-bodyguard/mercenaries

-not always "bad" (keep laws/customs, cancels debts, provides lands/jobs, cultural innovations

-hereditary (hard to maintain, don't usually last longer than one generation)

Theognis

~600 BC

-a view from the lesser nobility, reactionary to new changes, social class as ethical value, poetry and politics, spread of poetry, fame of individual poet

inter-polis relations

-centri-petal (seeking the center)

-Pan-Hellenism

--> olympian games (start out as regional festival)

--> Delphic Oracle

-centrifugal: no "United Poleis of Greece", agonistic and individualistic, time of polis

greek athletics

pan-Hellenic & local festivals, individual competition, polis pride, "modern" time and kleos; rise of the professional, gymnasia

-Pindar: classical poet, archaic mindset, adapts heroic ethic to athletics, relation of poet and victor

greek athlete

-can make a living if they win enough

-hero's welcome on return home (privileges in the town)

-rise of the professional athlete (and trainer)

-gymnasia: "naked places"

-"gym" in polis

Pindar

-multi-faceted poet, archaic mindset

-most famous for victory ode (epinicean ode)

-4 out of 17 books survived

-hired by wealthy and positive aristocrats and tyrants of Sicily

-active in classical age (498-446 BC)

-sport as expression of aristocratic values

Athenian adventure: early history

-bronze age: autochthonous; minor center; pride in helping suppliants, early recovery

-synoecism (all Attika integrated, no subjugation, Synoikia festival)

-dependence on commerce: no colonization or subjugation of neighbors, main exports

-the aristocracy: Eupatrids, government (arkhons, Areopagos Council, general assembly)

Athenian adventure: social tensions

-Kylon's botched attempt at tyranny

-Drakon's laws (621 BC): written down, harsh penalties, intentional and unintentional homicide

-Alkmeonid family exiled (~600 BC) ; Salamis lost to Megara

-Solon's reforms

Solon's civic reforms (594-593 BC)

-created four classes based on wealth not family

-arkhon/Areopagos Council limited to top two classes

-council of 400: top 3 classes (about 25% of pop.), administrative, set legislative agenda

-Assembly: elect arkhons, vote on war/peace, open to all classes

-judicial: appeal courts [Heliaia], open to all classes, any citizen can bring charge, written laws

-amnesty of exiles

Solon called to reform constitution (as arkhon?)

-poetry reflecting problems at the time, Hesioidic influence in fr. 4

-trusted by all parties? (popular due to Salamis? Eupatric, merchants)

Solon's economic reforms

-seisakhtheia ("shaking off burdens")-- one time cancellation of debt (and land given back)

-sold slaves returned to Attica

-abolished debt slavery

-use current standardized weights from Korinth/Euboia (made it easier to join trade networks)

-encourages exports (but no food save olives)

-immigration of skilled metics

Solon: poetry and politics

-nobody 100% happy

-answers his critics thru poetry

solon: problems

-aristocratic strife remains (now it is more competitive)

-debt problem remains (didn't solve the root of the issue, only addressed the conditions)

-import slaves (Thrace, Asia Minor)

-10 year trial runs and travels (so people won't bug him)

-3 factions emerge: Plain, Shore/Coast (alkmeonids), Hill (peisistratos)

-factional strife

the tyranny of Peisistratos (546-527 B.C.)

- 3 attempts (560, 551, & 546 BC)---> 3rd time the charm

-keeps Solon's constitution

-exiles Alkmeonids & other aristocrats (co-opts remaining)

-family/friends in positions of power

-expansion of trade (olives, coinage, red-figure pottery)

Peisistratos' tyranny: expansion of polis

-new/renovated festivals (greater dionysia, greater Panathenaia)

-edition of Homer (?)

-construction projects (polis as employer, specialization)

-loans to impoverished farmers (polis providing welfare)

the tyranny of Hippias and Hipparkhos (527-510 BC)

-smooth sailing at first (patron of arts)

-Hipparkhos assassinated by Aristogeiton & Harmodius in lovers' spat (514 BC)

-Alkmeonid family in exile uses Delphic oracle to solicit Spartan help

-expulsion of Hippias (510 BC)

Isagoras (arkhon 508 BC)

attempts to restore old aristocracy w/ Spartan help but fails

failed invasion of Attika by Peloponnesian League (506 BC)

-other Spartan king brings army home

-only Thebes & Khalkis attack (fails)

Kleisthenes "invents democracy"

democratic reform

-starts at end of Archaic period but pretty much in classical poetry

citizen body

old system: 4 tribes

-problem: proximity (same with "factions") --> solution: no proximity

citizen body: 10 tribes

mythological kings ("mascots")

-makes it harder to for power to consolidate [support from 1/10 rather than 1/4]

citizen body: trittys, trittyes

-Attika divided into 3 zones (city, coast, inland)

-each 1/3 tribe split into the zones

citizen body: demes ("districts")

-139 or 140

-in athens (villages and small towns, one or more to trittys)

-local govt (census, record-keeping, etc)

-basis for citizenship (even when you move, voting in your deme/trittys)

citizen body: demotic neme

change of naming from family relation to deme relation

-ex: Perikles son of Xanthippos to Perikles of Kholargos

Ekklesia (assembly)

-eligibility: men 20+, all classes

-meetings: every 9 days, every 4th meeting larger, meet at Pnyyx

-powers: legislative body, treaties, euthunai, etc; decisions recorded (radical idea: will of people sovereign)

-deliberation by public speeches, vote by show of hands

Boule (council)

-500 members (50 per tribe): random selection, 1-year term, max 2 terms

-eligibility: men 30+, top 3 classes (later ignored)

-powers/duties: set agenda at assembly, implement decisions, dokimasia, diplomatic relations

-rotating prytany ("presidency")

-daily random selection of chairmen of prytany

-polis pays for office (incentive to poorer people to serve)

Dikasteria (courts)

-no professional system, 10 standing courts (except homicide and sacrilege)

-pool of dikasts; men 30+, all classes, 6000 (600 per tribe)

-originally appeals, later first resort

-later paid (post-classical, randomly assigned to trials)

-extension of legislative function of ekklesia

arkhons

-expanded to top three classes

-reduced role (administrative)

-random selection-- chosen by lot

Areopagos Council

-no legislative veto

-only tries cases of homicide and sacrilege

-slowly loses influence

office of strategos ("general")

-one per tribe, armed forces organized by tribe

-replaces command of polemarch (arkhon)... but polemarch has tie-breaker vote

-directly elected, no term limits

ostracism

exiling "troublesome" citizens, falls into disuse

leitourgia

wealthy tapped to finance (1) festivals (incl. tragedy & comedy) or (2) one trireme (warships)

-pride in polis

summary of democracy

-offers high level of participation, even lowest class (later: payments)

-checks on abuse/dominance

-->tribal/trittys system (decentralization)

--> term limits

--> random elections

--> euthunai

--> lessen competition

--> frivolous lawsuits/proposals

summary of problems with democracy

-lack of experience

-lack of leadership

-lack of consistency

-bribery, manipulation

-divided populace

-demagogues ("regular speakers"-- appeal to emotions/manipulate people)

democracy: why Athens?

-autocthony ("we are all native habitants of the land")--- equalizer

-relations in Attika... cooperation over dominance (not Sparta)

The Rise and Fall of Athens: Classical Period

500-400+ BC

prelude: The Ionian Revolt (499-494 BC)

-under Persian control

-sparta refuses to help Ionia; Athens helps initially, burning of Sardis

-burning of Sardis (holy buildings and temples) (persia's capital?)

-Persia recovers... destruction of Miletos

-Themistokles (arkhon) fortifies Peiraieus

act 1: Darius

-motivation for war: revenge for Sardis, but really, 1st step to Greece?

-Pheippides' mission to Sparta

-Hippias leads the persians to marathon, loses tooth (omen)

-490 BC: Battle of Marathon

Battle of Marathon (490 BC)

-Miltiades convinces polemarch, devises strategy

-mad dash 1: rout of the Persian land forces

-mad dash 2: race to athens

-cultural & psychological importance of victory of Athens

intermezzo

-succession of Xerxes, suppression of revolts

-Athens: debate over new vein of silver

--> Aristeides the Just vs. Themistokles

--> navy expanded (200 triremes)

--> Aristeides ostracized (first non-Peisistraid)

act 2: Xerxes

-Persians cross the Hellespont (act of hubris to the Greeks), some Gs capitulate

-481 BC: Hellenic League formed (sparta given command)

-evac. of athens

-480 BC: Battle of Salamis

-479 BC: Battle of Plataia

-479 BC: Battle of Mykale

Battle of Salamis

-greek indecision continues

-machinations of the wily Themistokles (sneaky traitor)

-Xerxes return to Persia

Battle of Plataia

-Pausanias, a Spartan regent, leads Greek forces

-persians defeated on land, driven from greece

Battle of Mykale

-severe persian defeat in the Aegean

-ionian greeks defect from persian empire ("2nd ionian revolt")

coda: Delian League formed (477 BC)

-fall of Pausanias

-formation of league (purpose: remove persians from Mediterranean, plunder "traitors" to recoup losses)

-assessment of ships and money by Aristeides the Just

-Athens given command

-treasury on Delos

Kimon made general over fleet

The Athenian "Empire"

athenian dominance in mediterranean, post Delian League, cLAssical Athens

Battle of Eurymedon River

(468 BC)

-"It's good to be king"-syndrome (athens)

Delian League transformed into Athenian "empire'

-forced compliance/others to join (manipulation and guise of "protection")

-transfer of treasury from Delos to Athens (454 BC)..ath now dominant econ. power

-cleurchies (athenian spies)

-spread of democracy (prevent city-states from allying w/ sparta)

empire as validation of Athenian democracy

-connection of navy (triremes), commerce, democracy

-importance of black sea grain

political issues: athenian empire

government, armed forces, economy, Sparta

rise & fall of Kimon

-ostracism of Themistokles (471 BC)

-Spartans rebuke Athenian aid (462 BC)

-Kimon ostracized (461 BC)

reforms and assassination of Ephialtes (461 BC)

-Areopagos council limited to judging homicide and sacrilege

-rise of Perikles

Intellectual Revolution

Pindar vs. Protagoras, Pre-Sokratics, Sophists, history-- Herodotus, Thucydides, tragedy

Pre-Sokratics

-first causes and metaphysics

-rational, non-mytholigcal explanations

-universal laws

-aesthetic side (kosmos)

-reflection of polis organization & Eastern influence

Sophists

-wandering teachers (especially in Athens)

-instruction sought by wealthy as status symbol

-challenging tradition

-some popular ideas

--> arete teachable (implication), not inborn

--> moral & cultural relativism

--> rhetoric and public speaking

Herodotos, "father" of history

-cutting edge (e.g., writing, rationalizes myth, cultural relativism)

-archaic values (e.g., role of gods, oracles)

latest installment of East vs. West

Persian Wars

history as inquiry

-info from hearsay (oral culture, memory)

-history as story/narrative (prose Homer)

change as constant

-fortunes change over time

-human error (failure to understand/respect gods)

-role of Nemesis

-human history as tragedy (hubris and ate)

Thucydides (history)

-methodology: personal experience, eyewitness accounts as basis (own & others)

-very important public figure in Athens-- strategos

-exile: talks to other people besides Athenians (sparta, corinth)

-critical analysis of facts in search of objective truth ^^

-only human causation (cf. Protagoras)

-negative view on human nature (cf. Hobbes, who was influenced by T.)

-"possession of all time"

tragedy: beginnings

-possible development from playacting in male cult of Dionysos under one of the tyrants

-poetic fusion of choral poetry (cf. Alkman) and iambic poetry (cf. some of Arkhilokhos, Solon)

tragedy: structure

-prologue (opening monologue/dialogue)

-parodos (chorus' entry song)

-episode (dialogue)

-stasimon (chorus, "standing song")

-exodos (chorus' exit song)

tragedy: features

-kommos (singing dialogue)

-stichomythia (quick exchange in dialogue)

-rhesis (speeches in dialogue)

tragedy and festivals

-started in City Dionysia, spread to rural Dionysia under one of the tyrants & other local festivals

--> moved from agora to theater of Dionysos

--> spread outside of Ath: examples of Sicily/S. Italy, Macedonia

City Dionysia

-mythical background

-some details about the festival (only citizens could participate, lasted 5 days)

-3 tragic poets compete, each composes 3 tragedies and a satyr play

tragedy: people

-an archon organizes city dionysia

-choregos (leitourgia) bankrolls one poet

-actors, rise of professionalism

-musician (plays auloi)

-judges, one from each tribe, randomly selected

Sophokles: tragic poet

497-406 Bc

-born in deme Kolonos

-never left outside of Athens

-leads chorus of singing boys at Salamis

-active politically and culturally

-very successful career in tragedy: Antigone, Oidipous Tyrannos)

Antigone (Sophocles)

produced 442 BC

-heroic temper: clash of similar Homeric personalities

-ind'l/family vs. polis/citizen, divine vs. human law: all centered on issue of burial and status of Polyneices (brother & traitor)

-"Ode to Man" (332-375): ambiguities of human intellect, importance of both human and divine law

Kreon (Antigone)

-changes during play (tyrant-->more "democratic)

-hubris: human law encroaches upon divine law; line between living and dead blurred

-tragic figure: ate & pathon manthanei ("one learns thru suffering")

Antigone

*hubris

-too much divine law, ignores human law

-death over life

-excessive love for brother (incestuous??)

*tragic figure: right idea, wrong way, impossible choice (cf. Hektor in Iliad)

Oidipous Tyrannos

produced ca. 430-420 BC

-etymology of name (swollen foot)

-human knowledge vs. divine knowlege

--> drama about process of human understanding

--> audience sees process on stage, but possesses "divine" knowledge

--> tragic irony: Audience knows more than the characters)

OT: examples of the failures of human knowledge dramatized on stage

-fallible knowledge: how many assailants of Laius

-puzzlement and doubt

-concealment and revelation

--> Oidipous failing to solve riddles on stage

--> attempts to shield O. from the truth

-stichomythia as cross-examination

-symbolism of time

OT: seeing & knowing

-primacy of perception over language

-but criqitue of "seeing is knowing": seeing is diff. from understanding

-importance of blind/sight symbolism vs. divine sight

Oidipous

-heroic temper, typical "sophoklean" character

-hubris: human over divine knowledge

--> compare Kreon's hubris in Antigone

--> compare Agamemnon vs. Apollon's priest & Kalkhas, Iliad 1

-tragic figure: pathon manthenei

--> intellectual hero

--> failure to solve riddle of self

--> possible critiques of sophists, Perikles

The Peloponnesian Wars

hella wars

First or undeclared war (460-445 BC)

-Korinthian policy: the isolation gambit

-long walls built (city to port)

-conquest of Euboia, Boitian alliance (land empire)

-Egypt revolts from Persia (460 BC) [land empire]

-Athenian defeat in 454 BC

-return of Kimon (451 BC), 5 year truce w/ Sparta

-land empire falls apart

-30 Years Peace concluded by Perikles after Sparta invades Attika

Second, or Arkhidamian War (431 to 421 BC)

-the primacy of Perikles (anti-sparta, pro-empire, democracy)

- pretexts to war

--> epidamnos/korinth/korkya

-->potidea (korinth! again)

-->megaran decree

-->Theban attack on Plataia forces Sparta to war

--.>Athenian unpopularity among other greeks

A. War: strategy

-Perikles: defensive war, preserve empire, Athens as an "island"

-Sparta: yearly invasions, try to demoralize Athenians, partial success at first

A. war: Thucydides' juxtaposition

-funeral speech of Perikles (431): praise of Athens, democracy, center of civilization

-plague (430-425 BC): human beings w/o trappings of civilization

A. War: other things

-rise of Kleon as example of non-wealthy demagogues (possibly biased sources)

-revolt of Mytilene (428-427 BC)

-Spartans surrender on Sphakteria (425 BC)

A. War: loss of Amphipolis (424-422 BC)

-Brasidas (spartan general) seizes on own initiative

-death of Brasidas and Kleon

-Thucydides blamed, exiled

A. War: Sparta & Athens agree to "50 year peace" (421 BC)

-Amphipolis refuses to return to Athenian empire

-allies of sparta refuse to sign

Peace of Nikias (421-413 BC)

-Melos (416 BC) and Thucydides' "Melian dialogue"-- independent, defensive alliance

-Sicilian invasion

--> scandal of herms

--> Alkibiades flees to Sparta

--> utter destruction of Athenian armed forces

3rd, or Ionian, or Dekelian War (413-404 BC)

-Sparta invades Athens for helping ages

--> permanent base in Attika at Dekeleia

--> initial Spartan alliance w/ Persia: gold for Ionia

3rd war: the 400

oligarchic coup of 411 BC and restoration of democracy (june 410 BC)

--> spartan failure to take advantage of diplomacy

--> reign of terror

3rd War: other things

-rise of spartan admiral, Lysander

-improvements to sPartan Navy