164 EKG

wk 1-7

sinus bradycardia

atrial flutter

Afib

Vfib

Premature Ventricular Contraction (PVC)

A: LA (modified)

B: RA (modified)

C: LL (modified)

A: Extreme axis deviation

B: Left axis deviation

C: Right axis deviation

D: Normal electrical axis

A. Positive

B.  Equiphasic

C. Negative

1. True or False: Conduction blocks can occur anywhere from the SA node to the Purkinje fibers.

TRUE

What percentage of conduction blocks are associated with ischemia?

40%

How many types of conduction blocks are there?

4

Which conduction block is known to be a "complete heart block"?

Third-degree AV block

True or False: "Hay Block" is also known as Mobitz I?

FALSE

Left bundle branch block is associated with which ventricle?

LV

Right bundle branch block is most likely observed in which ECG leads?

V1 and V2

How does one determine first-degree AV block from normal sinus rhythm?

Measuring the PR interval

 What is the common treatment for third degree AV block?

External or internal pacemaker

True or False: Patients will have symptoms with first degree AV block

FALSE

What are the three major types of cardiomyopathies?

Dilated, Hypertrophic, or Restrictive

True or False: Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is another term used to describe left ventricular hypertrophy?

FALSE

A common ECG finding for dilated cardiomyopathy is?

Atrial Flutter

Atrial Fibrillation 

Tachy-arrhythmias 

Inverted T-waves

Small QRS wave heights

What are the five types of restrictive/infiltrative cardiomyopathy?

Amyloidosis, Sarcoidosis, Hemochromatosis, Pompe disease, and endomyocardial fibrosis

What is the most common type of restrictive/infiltrative cardiomyopathy?

Amyloidosis

Which cardiomyopathy is the least common?

Restrictive / Infiltrative Cardiomyopathy (R/I CM)

The S-wave in V1 added to the R wave in V5-V6 should be greater than _____ to be considered hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.

35 mm

Which part of the myocardium is most commonly affected by hypertrophic cardiomyopathy?

he intraventricular septum

Which part of the ECG complex is most commonly affected by atrial enlargement?

P wave

True or False: A large QRS amplitude is the only finding to confirm left ventricular hypertrophy?

FALSE

normal

ischemia

MI

True or False: A denervated heart loses its conduction system and cannot generate impulses?

FALSE

Which group of cells initiates the heartbeat under normal conditions?

SA node

A troponin blood test is most commonly used to evaluate:

Heart attack (myocardial infarction)

Which phase corresponds to ventricular depolarization on the ECG (QRS complex)?

Phase 0

The plateau phase (Phase 2) of ventricular action potential is maintained by:

Calcium influx balanced by potassium efflux

In transplanted hearts, the loss of vagal tone leads to a _____ resting heart rate

fast

 Pacemaker cells begin at approximately ____ and slowly drift upward toward threshold due to funny currents

-60 mV

Which protein does calcium bind to in order to initiate contraction?

Troponin

The long refractory period of cardiac muscle prevents ___________?

tetanic contractions (tetany)

Pacemaker cells lack a true resting potential because of:

Funny currents (slow sodium leak)

The process by which calcium entry triggers more calcium release from the SR is called ___________?

calcium-induced calcium release (CICR)

Why is stress echo especially useful in transplant patients?

They lack angina symptoms due to denervation

In contractile myocytes, the resting membrane potential is about _____?

-90 mV

True or False: The relative refractory period means the heart cannot fire again under any circumstance

FALSE

segment

end to beginning

interval

beginning to end