Lesson 11 - AFIS

810,188

The FBI’s original collection of fingerprint records contained _____ records.

70-80

The chances of a latent print finding its mate in the database is about ___-___%.

25

The chance of missing an identification, even when the mate is in the database, is ___%.

50,000

An estimated _____ suspects a year in the U.S. are identified through AFIS latent searches.

1988

When were the first primitive live scan fingerprint readers developed?

30

On a latent palmprint, selecting an ROI containing an excess of ___ minutiae will require a longer search time.

In the most likely position

For latents where neither core position nor orientation is known, where should the core/axis be placed?

60

The default tolerance for latent fingerprint searching is ___ degrees.

90

The default tolerance for latent palmprint searching is ___ degrees.

One

How many feature extraction types do palm records have?

3×3

A capture area of ___x___ inch(es) is now made possible for latent palm searches.

• Latent quality

• Database quality

• Operator factors

What are the three main categories of common causes of latent misses in AFIS?

• Poor minutiae “quality”

• Low numbers of minutiae

• Common types of minutiae

• Relation unable to be determined

• Core/axis unable to be determined or placed incorrectly

What are the five common causes of latent misses due to latent quality?

• Matching print not registered properly

• Low minutiae numbers on file print

• Matching pairs between file prints and search prints not present

• Minutiae incorrectly marked/extracted

• As database size increases, the need for accuracy in latent entry and editing increases

What are the five common causes of latent misses due to database quality?

• Incomplete analysis of latent

• Minutiae and core/axis placement not correct

• Insufficient candidates checked

• Lack of awareness of effect of database size

• Lack of awareness of effects of common minutiae on score

• Low numbers of minutiae marked

What are the six common causes of latent misses due to operator factors?

People v. Collins

What court case dealt with statistical evidence and held that the breadth of the search parameters necessarily affect the meaning and probative value of the evidence that is found?

Larger

The _____ the database, the greater the chances of finding a highly similar print that belongs to someone other than the source of the latent.

80

According to the FBI, when a match is found using IAFIS, the source of the latent print is the top scoring IAFIS candidate ___% of the time.

True

True or False: AFIS hits require a full examination by a qualified fingerprint examiner.

Melendez-Diaz v. Massachusetts and Bullcoming v. New Mexico

What two court cases reiterated a defendant’s Sixth Amendment right “to be confronted with the witnesses against him” and held that reports of a laboratory or investigative finding do not satisfy the requirement?

Interoperability

The ability of different AFIS systems to communicate efficiently and effectively with one another

• Political will

• Connectivity/networking

• Consolidation

• Maintaining accuracy

• Workload management

What are the five “major stumbling blocks” to AFIS interoperability?

0.97, 0.85

When calibrating images without a scale using ridge count, 20 ridges equals ____ cm for fingers and ____ cm for palms.

Close non-matches

Two prints from different sources that have many common features and few dissimilar features

High

When the risk of CNMs is _____, the probative value of a reported fingerprint identification may be severely diminished due to an elevated false-positive error risk.

Large

The risk of encountering a CNM is heightened when _____ databases are searched for the source of a print.

Sensitivity

A measure of discriminability between true matches and close non-matches

With, without

With larger databases, the likelihood of finding the suspect in the database tends to increase (with/without) bound while the number of close non-matching prints tends to increase (with/without) bound.

True

True or False: There is an optimal database size, and caution should be observed when interpreting results from larger databases.

Issues with the latent or issues with the exemplar

What are the two reasons that a print may not hit when a mate is in the system?

• Movement, warping, or other distortion

• Improper calibration

• Poor markup

What are the three possible issues with the latent that may prevent a print from hitting when a mate is in the system?

• Stitching errors

• Area needed not recorded

• Area needed poorly recorded

What are the three possible issues with the exemplar that may prevent a print from hitting when a mate is in the system?