CHAP 1 & 2: HUMAN BODY & CHEM

anatomy

structure of the body

physiology

processes and functions of the body

systemic anatomy

study of the anatomy of organs in a specific system

regional anatomy

study of the anatomy of an entire area

surface

feel the body part using the senses

anatomical imaging

using equipment to see the body part

developmental anatomy

study of the structural changes of a human (from conception to adulthood)

embryology

study of the conception to 8th week of development

cytology

study of the structural features of cells

histology

study of tissues, cells and materials surrounding them

chemical level

atoms, molecules, the structure determines its function

cell level

cells, organelles, basic structural and functional units

tissue level

epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous, group of similar cells and the surrounding

organ level

urinary bladder, heart, stomach, lung, 2+ tissue types that perform common functions

organ system level

integumentary, skeletal, muscle, nervous, endocrine, cardiovascular, lymphatic, respiratory, digestive, urinary, and reproductive

organism level

any living thing

organization

interrelationships among parts

metabolism

ability to use energy

responsiveness

ability to sense and adjust to changes

growth

increase in the size or number of cells

development

changes an organism undergoes through time

reproduction

forming new cells/organism

differentiation

changes in a cell’s structure (specialized)

morphogenesis

change in shape of tissues, organs, organism

homeostasis

state of relatively constant equilibrium

negative homeostasis

any changes are reduced

positive homeostasis

any changes are magnified

anatomical position

stand upright, face forward, upper limbs on the side, palms facing forward

supine

lying with face upward

prone

lying with face downward

anterior

trunk: thorax, abdomen, pelvis

posterior

trunk: back, buttocks

ventral body cavities

thoracic: pleural and mediastinum (lungs and heart)

abdominopelvic

separated by the diaphragm

dorsal body cavities

cranial: brain

vertebral: spinal cord

serous membranes

encloses a cavity

double-layered with fluid in between

parietal

outer serous membranes

visceral

inner serous membrane

mesentries

double-folded visceral peritoneum

adipose tissue

holds the abdominal organs for posterior cavity

passageways for blood vessels

retroperitoneal glands

kidneys, adrenal glands, ureters, urinary, part of large intestines + pancreas

chemistry

study of substances and reactions

matter

anything that occupies space

mass

amount of matter

weight

gravitational force on something

element

simplest form of matter, physical, chemical

atom

smallest particle of an element

molecules

2+ atoms chemically combine

compound

2+ different atoms chemically combine

dissociation

is a process, separates ions in ionic compound by using polar water

ions become electrolytes

chemical reactions

formation or breaking of chemical bonds

reactants

substance that is involved in a chemical reaction

products

substance that forms from a chemical reaction

synthesis reaction

combine

ex. ADP + P = ATP

decomposition reaction

break down

ex. ATP = ADP + P

exchange reaction

ex. HCl + NaOH = NaCl + H2O

reversible reaction

goes back to the original atom

ex. CO2 + H2O = H + HCO3

energy

put matter into motion

potential energy

stored energy

kinetic energy

energy caused by movement

catalyst

increases the rate of chemical reactions without destroying itself

enzyme

a protein catalyst

acid

proton (H) donors

ex. HCl = H + Cl

bases

proton acceptors

ex. NaOH = Na + OH

pH scale

H concentration in a solution

acidic solution

more H than OH

basic or alkaline solution

more OH than H

buffers

chemicals that does not affect pH levels when added to acid or base

normal blood pH levels

7.35 - 7.45

alkalosis

develops when blood pH rises above 7.45

acidosis

develops when blood pH drops below 7.35

inorganic molecules

deals with substances without carbon or carbon hydrogen bonds

organic molecules

deals with carbon or carbon hydrogen bonding containing substances needed for life

carbohydrates

sugars, provide energy, and store fuel

monosaccharides

building blocks of carbohydrates

glucose

blood sugar

fructose

fruit sugar

galactose

yogurt sugar

disaccharides

two monosaccharides chemically combined

lactose

glucose + galactose

milk sugar

sucrose

glucose + fructose

polysaccharides

long chain of monosaccharides

glycogen

starch that came from animals

starch

source of glucose for ATP

cellulose

came from plants, reduces cholesterol and blood sugar levels

lipids

organic molecule that is insoluble in water

fats

energy storage, triglycerides, adipose tissue

phospholipids

form cell wall or cell membrane, double layered

steroid hormones

estrogen and testosterones

building blocks: glycerol and fatty acids

protein

made up of long chains of amino acids

enzymes and hormones

regulates the chemical reactions in the body

collagen fibers

structural framework

nucleic acids

large molecules made of C, H, O, N, P

dna

deoxyribonucleic acid, genes

rna

ribonucleic acid, protein synthesis