Clin Lab IV: Cytology Evaluation

**An exudate is characterized by a total protein concentration of greater than _______ and a total nucleated cell amount count of greater than _______.

• TP concentration: greater than 3.0g/dl

• Nucleated cell count: greater than 7,000 cells/μ

**What is an example of an exudate?

Pus.

**A transudate is characterized by a total protein concentration of less than ________ and a total nucleated cell count of less than ________.

• TP concentration: less than 2.5g/dl

• Nucleated cell count: less than 1,500 cells/μ

**What is an example of a transudate?

Pleural effusion or ascites.

A modified transudate is characterized by a total protein concentration of ___________ and a total nucleated cell count of ____________.

• TP concentration: 2.5-7.5 g/dl.

• Nucleated cell count: 1,000-7,000 cells/μ

Can you tell if a fluid is a transudate, modified transudate, or an exudate just by looking at it?

No.

**Define neoplasia:

Any new and abnormal growth, specifically one in which cell multiplication is uncontrolled and progressive.

**Define metastasis:

The transfer of disease from one organ or part to another that is not connected.

What objective on the microscope is used to identify specific criteria for malignancy?

100x— oil immersion.

**Name the WBC’s that can be seen in exfoliative cytology:

Neutrophils, lymphocytes, eosinophils, macrophages.

**Karyorrhexis:

Fragmented nucleus.

**Hyper-segmentation:

Containing more than 5 lobes.

**Define karyolysis:

Loss of nuclear membrane.

**Define pylenosis:

Condensed cells.

**Which cells found in exfoliative cytology represent activated/reactive lymphocytes?

Plasma cells.

What are the large cells derived from the monocyte that may contain phagocytized material?

Macrophages.

**What cells line the pleural, peritoneal, and visceral surfaces?

Mesothelial cells.

**Define pleomorphic:

Having more than one shape or form.

Inflammatory fluid samples have a total TP concentration of greater than __________, and a total nucleated cell count of greater than __________, and often appear _______ or ______ in color.

• TP conc: greater than 3.0 g/dl

• Nucleated cell count: greater than 5,000 cells/μ

• Typically appear pale yellow or white in color.

**Which type of inflammation is the most common?

Purulent inflammation.

**What may purulent inflammation also be called?

Suppurative or acute inflammation.

**What is purulent inflammation characterized by in regards to neutrophils?

85% neutrophils.

**Pyogranulomatous inflammation may also be called __________ or __________.

Chronic or active.

**What does pyogranulomatous inflammation consist of?

• 50-75% neutrophils

• 15% macrophages

**Granulomatous inflammation is characterized by greater than _________ of cells that are mononuclear.

• Greater than 70% of the cells are mononuclear.

What type of inflammation consists greater than 10% eosinophils?

Eosinophilic inflammation.

**What color and odor does normal peritoneal fluid contain?

• Color: colorless to straw yellow

• Odor: should be odorless

What is the pleural space?

Space between the membrane encasing the lung and lining of the thoracic cavity.

What is the peritoneal space?

The serous membrane lining the walls of the abdominal and pelvic cavities.

Normal peritoneal and pleural fluid have a total nucleated cell count of less than 10,000 cells/μ. What number do they typically have?

2,000-6,000cells/μ

**Define lymphadenitis.

Inflammation of the lymph nodes.

**Define lymphadenopathy.

Lymph node abnormality.

**How many lymph nodes should be sampled in patients with a generalized lymphadenopathy.

2.

What is the predominant cell found in a normal lymph node?

Small, mature lymphocyte.

Reactive lymphocytes are responding to what?

Antigenic stimulation.

Primary lymphoid neoplasia:

Lymphoma.

Lymphoma is characterized by:

A predominance of lymphoblasts and mitotic figures.

**Normal CSF fluid contains _____________ mononuclear cells with the majority being:

• 95%-100% mononuclear cells

• Majority of them being lymphocytes.

**Define pleocytosis:

An elevated CSF nucleated cell count.l

Are neoplastic cells observed in CSF fluid?

No, rarely.

What are the terms used for fluid from the eye? Do they have high or low celularity?

• Aqueous and vitreous humor.

• They have low cellularity.

What color is normal synovial fluid?

Clear to straw-yellow.

**What two things can cause a decrease in synovial fluid?

• Bacterial inflammation

• Significant effusion

Normal synovial fluid consists of ________ mononuclear cells and _________ neutrophils.

• 90% mononuclear cells

• Less than 10% neutrophils.

A tracheal wash from a norma animal should contain ________ cells with the majority being ____________ cells.

• Few cells

• Mainly epithelial cells

Abnormal tracheal washes are classified as ___________ because they tend to be very cellular.

Exudates.

**

• Non-inflammatory/non-neoplastic lesion

• May rupture and cause a foreign body

• Filled with a gray, brown, or yellowish cheesy material.

Keratin-producing.

**

• Non-inflammatory/non-neoplastic lesion

• Contains fluid that is typically clear or amber

• Very little cellularity

Seromas/ hygromas

**

• Non-inflammatory/non-neoplastic lesion

• Most common salivary gland disorder in dogs

• Appear as soft, fluctuant, submandibular mass

Sialocele (salivary mucocele)

**

• Non-inflammayory/non-neoplastic lesion

• Wart-like mass seen in older dogs

• Animals affected with these tumors will grow new tumors

Sebaceous gland hyperplasia

**Define hyperplasia:

Abnormal increase in volume of a tissue on organ caused by

**Define dysplasia:

Abnormality of development

**If a tumor contains a large amount of RBC’s, then it is probably what?

Hematoma.

Fluid from an abscess is typically what color? Are they translucent or opaque?

• Creamy yellow, pink, or brown.

• Opaque.

Abscesses contain more than ___ neutrophils and a few macrophages,

• More than 90% neutrophils.

If sterile abscesses are not caused by germs, then what can they be caused by?

Non-liviing irritants, like drugs.

**Define benign neoplasia:

Homogenous populations of the same cell type with no evidence of malignant characteristics within the cells.

**Define malignant neoplasia:

Contain morphological change in the cytoplasm and nuclei.

**How many criteria must a sample meet before being determined malignant?

3, but 5 is diagnostic.

**Name the criteria listed under general criteria:

• Anisocytosis.

• Macrocytosis

Which one of the two types of criteria most important for determining malignant?

Nuclear criteria

Nmae the criteria listed under the nuclear criteria:

• Anisokaryosis

• Multinucleation

• Increases mitotic activity

• Increased N:C ratio

• Macrokaryosis

• Coarse chromatin pattern

• Nuclear molding

• Abnormal nuclei

**Define macrokaryosis:

Cells with a larger than normal nucleus.

**Define anisokaryosis:

Variation in the size of the nuclei of the cells.

**Define multimnucletion:

Multiple nuclei within the cell.

**Define multi-nucleation:

Multiple nuclei in the cell.

**Define nuclear molding:

Deformation of the nuclei by other nuclei within in the same or adjacent cells.

**Define macronuclei:

Nuclei that are increased in size.

**Epithelial cell tumors are also referred to as:

Carcinoma or adenocarcinoma.

Epithelial cell tumors exfoliate easily, so smears are cellular, but cels tend to be _______________ or _______________.

Clumped or clustered.

Epithelial cell tumors are often ___________ with a secondary superficial infeciton.

Ulcerated.

Which type of carcinoma can occur anywhere on the skin of dogs and cats?

Squamous Cell Carcinoma.

**Mesenchymal cell tumors are also referred to as __________________ or __________________.

• Spindle-cell tumors

• Sarcoma.

  • fibrosarcoma, liposarcoma, osteosarcoma.

Mesenchymal cell tumors are derived from ____________ and are ________ cellular.

• Derived from connective tissue.

• Less cellular.

**Round cell tumors exfoliate well, but are ______ in clumps or clusters.

NOT.

Name a type of round cell tumor:

Histiocytoma.

Histiocytomas are common in what age of dogs?

Young dogs less than 3 years of age.

Describe how histiocytomas an appear:

Solitary red dome-shaped, sparsely haire nodules.

Where on the animal do histiocytomas occur:

• Head

• Pinna

• Neck

• Trunk

• Extremities

• Feet

• Toes

What procedure may need to be added to aid in the dx of cytologic sampels?

biopsy

What items can you use when shipping slides?

• plastic or cardboard slide holders

• BNubble wrap

**Can slides be sent with formalin?

No— alters staining characteristics.