!History, Technology, & Society Final Exam

A centralized economy is characterized by:

Planning of production goals and quotas

The demand for a product along with the ability to pay for it is known as:

Effective demand

Which of the following is a non-economic force for technological innovation?

The military

Which of the following is NOT a reason why technology is unable to solve social problems?

The lack of effective demand

An example of an entrepreneur whose work helped new technologies to emerge was:

Samuel Insull

Who developed the theory of Scientific Management?

Frederick Taylor

The transition from successful research to large-scale production is known as:

Scaling up.

Major technological breakthroughs can be the result of the work of:

An inventor, A scientist, An entrepreneur

Technological progress differs from progress in other areas in that it is

Dynamic and cumulative.

An example of inter-industry transfer is found in the way that the automobile industry borrowed technologies and production methods from the bicycle industry.

True

The term "future shock" refers to:

Stress and disorientation resulting from rapid technological change.

Technological progress differs from progress in other areas in that it is dynamic and __________.

Cumulative

Economic forces always determine which technological innovations are developed.

False

Most studies demonstrate that scientific research is directly responsible for technological advances.

False

Technology is best understood as "applied science."

False

Historically there has been an inverse relationship between scientific advance and technological innovation

True

Research and Development can be described as the process of making a technology work.

True

Because technology believes that solutions to almost any problem are possible, it is based on an attitude of:

Optimism

Which of the following is the best definition of a monastery?

A religious community of individuals who have withdrawn from the world to devote their lives to prayer and worship

One of the first places in Europe that required the precise division of time was the:

Monastery

Which type of agriculture can support the smallest population, but requires the least amount of work?

Hunting and Gathering

Which type of agriculture can support the largest population, but requires the most work?

Sedentary

Which of the following statements about guilds is false?

A guild was open to anyone

Which of the following is the best definition of Calvinism?

A religious reform movement led by John Calvin

The man who tried to patent the automobile was:

George Seldan

Embryonic stem cells are best defined as:

the first cells that grow as the embryo begins to develop

Which of the following statements about a patent are true?

A patent is meant to provide rewards and incentives for the inventor.

What are the main ways that technological innovations have damaged the environment?

Pollution and the depletion of non-renewable resources

Which of the following is the best description of the "NIH syndrome"?

A company rejects any new technology or idea simply because someone else thought of it.

Energy intensity is best defined as:

The ratio of energy used to production output

Ongoing technological advance requires

an infusion of ideas, tools and material from other places, an ability to make good use of new ideas, materials and tools

What is the most practical short-term role for technology to play in addressing the energy crisis?

Technology can be developed to increase fuel efficiency

The government agency that regulates medications and medical procedures is known as the:

FDA

Which of the following is the best definition of a patent?

a legal monopoly that gives the owner exclusive use of an invention

What is the cause of acid rain?

The burning of fossil fuels

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of "appropriate technology?"

a decrease in employment.

Eugenics is the attempt to perfect humanity through genetic manipulation that reinforces 'desirable' traits and suppresses 'undesirable' ones.

True

The first artificial heart was known as the Jarvik 7

True

Therapeutic cloning is the use of cloning technology to build new complete organisms.

False

What invention allowed a worker to set an entire line of type at once?

the linotype

In the 1890's sensational newspaper stories influenced the American public to support a war against:

Spain

This leader of the Protestant Reformation was able to make his views known because of the printing press:

Martin Luther

Something that helps you remember something is called a:

mnemonic device

The European who is credited with perfecting moveable type is:

Gutenberg

The invention of the printing press led to the printing on:

Paper

Approximately what percentage of the wealth is held by the richest 20% of the United States population?

50%

Most studies have shown a correlation between violence on television and violent behavior.

True

There is a connection between Internet access and geographic location.

True

The Internet is owned by an international group known as CERN.

False

Today, the government agency responsible for regulating and licensing radio and television stations is:

The FCC

The first person to demonstrate that electromagnetic waves could be transmitted through the air was:

Hertz

Which of the following was not a direct impact of radio?

Delayed access to current news

Which of the following is NOT an example of a job created as an indirect effect of the development of automotive technology?

An automotive assembly line worker

What is the basic measure of productivity?

Number of units produced per worker

The first transmission of voice and music by radio occurred in:

1906

How has technological innovation in production impacted the United States economy?

Redistributed wealth and expansion of the service sector

Which part of the economy has had the greatest growth as a result of technological advances in production?

The Service Sector

RCA began the first regularly scheduled television broadcasts in:

1939

The first U.S. President to make extensive use of the radio to communicate with the public was:

Franklin D. Roosevelt

There is no connection between Internet access and household income.

False

Which company pioneered lean production techniques?

Toyota

What name is given to workers who primarily work in offices?

White collar workers

What happens to the cost of a product as productivity rises?

The Cost Decreases

What type of printing required each page to be carved into wood?

Wood Block Printing

The S-Shaped curve demonstrates that technological progress is both dynamic and cumulative.

True

Technology can be defined as a system based on the application of __________, manifested in physical objects and organizational forms. . . .

Knowledge

Culture can be understood as a way of life that is made up of:

The process of selecting and modifying the tradition, The tradition received by the group

________ can be defined as including an objective analysis of the problem as well as the selection of the best solution.

Rationality

Which of the following is NOT a problem of technological progress?

The ability to objectively analyze a problem

The best definition of technology is "applied science."

False

What does it mean when your text states that technological progress is cumulative?

Each technological advance builds on previous technological achievements

The term that is used to described groups and individuals who react negatively to any technological advance:

Luddites

Which of the following organizations is responsible for the largest share of the research and development conducted in the United States?

The Federal Government

What statement best describes why technology cannot solve most social problems?

Most social problems are complex and diffuse

The emergence of the Internet and the personal Computer created large and very successful companies such as Microsoft and Google. The success of these relatively new companies demonstrates how technology can.

Redistribute Wealth

Who is credited with developing the principles of Scientific Management?

Frederick Taylor

Which type of economy is characterized by the use of financial incentives and competition?

Market Economy

An example of a non-economic source of technological progress is:

The military

A prototype for the modern computer was built in the 1820's by:

Charles Babbage

According to your text, what is a simple definition of "research and development?"

Making technology work

Effective demand is best defined as:

The demand for a product along with the ability to pay for it.

The emergence of automobiles that integrate computer technology for safety and efficiency demonstrates.

Coupling of two different technologies

Samuel Insull's contribution to technological advance resulted from his work as:

An Entrepreneur

By studying other flying machines and gliders the Wright brothers were able to perfect:

Wing design

Historically there has been an ___________ relationship between scientific advance and technological innovation

Inverse

Most research demonstrates that scientific research is directly responsible for technological advances

False

What best describes the usual relationship between science and technology?

Periods of great technological innovation were characterized by few scientific advances, Periods of great scientific advances were generally characterized by very few technological innovations.

When the Wright brothers turned their attention to designing a propeller, they were able to gather a great deal of theoretical information from scientific journals.

False

The innovative design the Wright Brothers used to control their aircraft was known as:

Wing warping

A legal monopoly that confers exclusive use of an invention is

A patent

When referring to attitudes that affect the acceptance of new technology, NIH refers to:

"Not Invented Here"

Which of the following are characteristics of appropriate technology?

Economic independence and preservation of the environment

In nuclear fusion, energy is release when the nucleus of an atom is split.

False

What causes the greenhouse effect?

A build up of carbon dioxide in the earth's atmosphere

What is the primary responsibility of the NRC?

Oversight of nuclear power plants and the handling of nuclear material

What are fossil fuels?

Fuels produced by the decay of organic matter.

Which of the following is a major shortcoming of solar power?

Lack of consistent source of energy

In nuclear fission, energy is release when the nucleus of an atom is split.

True

History has demonstrated that close societies with authoritarian governments are better equipped to deal with the environmental problems created by technology.

False

What are the major responsibilities of the EPA?

Environmental repair and setting standards for a healthy environment