cj 110 rojek exam 3

Cult

Loosely structured, unconventional religious group unified by a charismatic leader.

Recruitment Techniques

Brainwashing, pressure to conform, abandoning outside relationships.

Cult Leader Charisma

Followers’ devotion based on loyalty to leader more than beliefs.

Branch Davidians

Koresh-led cult involved in 1993 Waco standoff; 76 members died.

David Koresh

Manipulative leader using scripture, extreme punishments, control over women and children.

People’s Temple

Jim Jones’ cult that created Jonestown settlement in Guyana.

Jonestown Massacre

918 deaths; mass cyanide poisoning orchestrated by Jim Jones.

Heaven’s Gate

Applewhite-led cult believing a spaceship trailed Hale-Bopp comet.

Order of the Solar Temple

Secret society with ritualistic mass deaths across Switzerland, France, Canada.

Elan School

Abusive “therapeutic” boarding school; public punishment, malnourishment, controversies.

Children of the Waning Star

Satirical TikTok “cult” that escalated into harmful behaviors.

Lure to Cults

Vulnerable populations drawn to cults due to stress, mental health, marginality.

Role of Internet in Cults

Online recruitment enabling global reach to isolated or vulnerable individuals.

Organized Crime

Hierarchical criminal enterprises (Five Italian Families).

Cosa Nostra

our thing/our affair - Italian mob related

Lucchese Family

Involved in trucking, garment industry, heroin.

Bonanno Family

Infiltrated by FBI agent Joseph Pistone.

Colombo Family

Extortion/drug trafficking; collapsed due to lack of leadership.

Gambino Family

Led by John Gotti and Sammy the Bull.

Genovese Family

Narcotics at ports, union influence.

RICO Act

1970 law allowing prosecution of entire criminal organizations.

Al Capone

Chicago Prohibition gangster known for violence and St. Valentine’s Day Massacre.

Jimmy Hoffa

Teamsters leader with OC ties; disappeared in 1975, case unsolved.

Transnational Crime

Crimes involving more than one country in planning or impact.

Human Trafficking

Buying/selling individuals for labor or sex.

Forced Labor

Coerced labor including domestic servitude and child labor.

Sex Trafficking

Commercial sex through force, fraud, or coercion.

College Student Vulnerability

Financial instability, living away from home, substance use.

Trafficker Recruitment Methods

Social media, peer recruitment, deceptive job/romance offers.

Organ Trafficking

Buying/selling human organs; kidneys most common.

Human Smuggling

Illegal transportation of willing individuals across borders for payment.

Drug Trafficking

Distribution and production controlled by cartels.

Cali Cartel

Colombian cartel led by Rodriguez-Orejuela brothers.

Medellín Cartel

Pablo Escobar’s cartel known for violent enforcement.

CJNG

Mexican cartel trafficking fentanyl/cocaine, led by “El Mencho.”

Sinaloa Cartel

Major Mexican cartel known for fentanyl, meth, and El Chapo.

Environmental Crime

Illegal poaching, logging, mining, wildlife trade.

Operation Madre Tierra VII

International operation targeting wildlife/environmental crimes.

Cybercrime

Illegal use of computers for theft, data breaches, or destruction.

Digital Evidence

Data from devices such as phones, computers, Alexa, game consoles.

White-Collar Crime

Illegal acts by individuals in legitimate occupations.

Securities Crime

Violations involving stocks/bonds.

Churning

Excessive trading to generate commissions.

Stock Manipulation

Artificially inflating stock value through false claims.

Boiler Rooms

High-pressure sales tactics pushing sketchy investments.

Bankruptcy Fraud

Exploiting bankruptcy laws for financial gain.

Fraud Against Government

Medicare, Medicaid, grant fraud.

Consumer Fraud

Deception causing consumer financial loss.

Advance-Fee Fraud

Paying upfront for goods/services that never come.

Bait and Switch

Advertising one item but switching to inferior/more expensive one.

Phishing

Fake emails/links to steal information.

Insurance Fraud

False claims, double billing, upcoding.

Tax Fraud

Illegal evasion of taxes owed.

Probation

Conditional release instead of incarceration.

Reasons for Probation

Reintegration, lower cost, reduced stigma.

Standard Probation Conditions

Reporting, no travel, no drugs/alcohol, no new crimes.

Parole

Conditional early release from prison.

Discretionary Release

Board decides based on behavior and crime severity.

Community Corrections

Alternatives to prison focusing on rehabilitation.

Fines

Financial sanctions based on income.

Community Service

Unpaid work as part of sentencing.

Intensive Probation Supervision (IPS)

Smaller caseload, more monitoring.

Specialty Courts

Drug courts, gun courts, veteran treatment courts.

Shock Programs

Short jail/prison time followed by supervision.

Home Confinement

Electronic monitoring or house arrest.

Death Penalty

State-sanctioned execution for certain crimes.

U.S. Use of Death Penalty

27 states plus federal system.

Federal Death Row

Located in Terre Haute, Indiana.

Commutation

Reduction of sentence.

Pardon

Forgiveness and removal of sentence.

Lethal Injection

Most common execution method.

Electrocution

Backup method in several states.

Lethal Gas

Execution using gas chamber.

Firing Squad

Authorized in limited states.

Arguments For Death Penalty

Deterrence, moral order, incapacitation, closure.

Arguments Against Death Penalty

No deterrent effect, human rights concerns, racial disparities.

Juvenile Justice System

Handles offenders under 18; based on parens patriae.

Delinquent Children

Minors committing criminal offenses.

Dependent Children

No caregiver available.

Neglected Children

Lack proper care from guardians.

Abused Children

Physical, emotional, sexual abuse by caregiver.

Status Offenders

Acts only illegal because of age (runaway, truancy, curfew).

In re Gault

Gave juveniles due process rights.

In re Winship

Required "beyond a reasonable doubt" standard.

McKeiver v. Pennsylvania

Juveniles not guaranteed jury trials.

Breed v. Jones

Double jeopardy prohibits adult trial after juvenile adjudication.

Juvenile Justice Process

Intake → Detention → Preliminary → Adjudication → Disposition.

Juvenile Dispositions

Nominal, conditional, custodial.

Kent v. US

Established standards for transfer to adult court.

School Violence

2014 FBI study; most shooters were students.

ALICE Model

Alert, Lockdown, Inform, Counter, Evacuate.

Run, Hide, Fight

Active shooter survival strategy.

AI in the Criminal Justice System

The use of artificial intelligence to assist with predictive policing, reviewing case files, conducting surveillance, and helping analysts write code or formulas.

Predictive Policing

A data-driven approach that uses algorithms to forecast where crime may occur—effective but risky if algorithms include biased or inappropriate variables.

AI in Investigations

AI tools used to analyze evidence, identify patterns, and support criminal investigations.

AI in Court Preparation

AI systems that help attorneys and agencies organize, review, and prepare case materials—though agencies must avoid unreliable commercial products.

Virtual Reality in the CJS

VR simulations used to create immersive training experiences that improve comprehension, decision-making, and training efficiency for officers.

Blockchain Technology

A secure digital ledger system where data is stored in connected blocks that cannot be altered once added.

Blockchain for Digital Evidence

Using blockchain to store and authenticate digital evidence, improving reliability and collaboration across agencies.

Evidence-Based Policing (EBP)

An approach that relies on research and data to guide policing strategies, emphasizing both generating research and making findings accessible to officers.