Transcription

Co repressor

Co repressor

________ is typically the end product of the pathway.

Decoy

________: recognize other ncRNAs and sequester them, preventing them from working.

Location

________ and orientation of promoter dictates which strand of dna is used for transcription.

Alteration

________ of protein function or stability: binds to a protein, can affect ability of the protein to be a catalyst, ability of the protein to bind other molecules, protein stability.

Polymerase III

________: makes the precursor to 5SrRNA, the tRNAs and several other small cellular.

MRNA

________ is processed before transport to the cytoplasm.

Genes

________ are contiguous segments of DNA that are colinear with the mRNA that is translated into a protein.

Exons

________ are separated by introns.

protein coding

The basal or core promoter is found in all ________ genes.

Blocker

________: prevents or ________ a cellular process from happening.

Chromatin

________: activator proteins promote loosening up of the region in the chromosome where a gene is located, making it easier for RNA polymerase to transcribe the gene.

Tryptophan

________ represses the trp genes.

Scaffold

________: bind to multiple components such as proteins, act as ________ for formation of a complex.

Modulation

________: small effector molecules, protein- protein interactions, and covalent modifications can ________ activators and repressors.

Eukaryotes

________ also have an intervening step called RNA processing.

TATA box

________ located about 25 nucleotides upstream from the transcriptional start site.

Ribozymes

________: RNA molecule with catalytic function.

RNA

Causes both the polymerase and newly- made ________ transcript to dissociate from DNA.

Eukaryotic RNA polymerases

________ have different roles in transcription.

Polymerase

________ II: synthesizes hnRNAs, which are precursors to mRNAs.

DNA Methylation

________: usually inhibits transcription, either by blocking an activator protein or by recruiting proteins that make DNA more compact.

Transfer RNA

________ (tRNA): translates mRNA into amino acids.

RNA species

All ________ are synthesized by a single RNA polymerase.

Sense strand

________: not the template strand and has the same sequence as the RNA molecule.

RNA processing

________: pre- mRNA is processed into active mRNA.

MRNA

________ is translated during transcription.

Gene

________: an organized unit of DNA sequences that enables a segment of DNA to be transcribed into RNA and ultimately results in the formation of a functional product.

RNA

A(n) ________ is the final functional product.

MRNAs

________ are often polycistronic.

Gene

an organized unit of DNA sequences that enables a segment of DNA to be transcribed into RNA and ultimately results in the formation of a functional product

Transfer RNA (tRNA)

translates mRNA into amino acids

Ribosomal (rRNA)

part of ribosomes

RNA processing

pre-mRNA is processed into active mRNA

Scaffold

bind to multiple components such as proteins, act as scaffold for formation of a complex

Guide

guide one molecule to a specific location in the cell

Alteration of protein function or stability

binds to a protein, can affect ability of the protein to be a catalyst, ability of the protein to bind other molecules, protein stability

Ribozymes

RNA molecule with catalytic function

Blocker

prevents or blocks a cellular process from happening

Decoy

recognize other ncRNAs and sequester them, preventing them from working

Prokaryotic

single type of RNAP

Polymerase I

makes a large precursor to the major rRNA (5.8S,18S and 28S rRNA in vertebrates)

Polymerase II

synthesizes hnRNAs, which are precursors to mRNAs

Polymerase III

makes the precursor to 5SrRNA, the tRNAs and several other small cellular

Antisense strand

used a a template

Sense strand

not the template strand and has the same sequence as the RNA molecule

Inducible genes

genes whose expression is turned on by the presence of some substance

Repressible genes

genes whose expression is turned off by the presence of some substance (co-repressor)

Activators

activator proteins stimulate RNA polymerase to initiate transcription

Repressors

repressor proteins inhibit RNA polymerase from initiating transcription

Modulation

small effector molecules, protein-protein interactions, and covalent modifications can modulate activators and repressors

Chromatin

activator proteins promote loosening up of the region in the chromosome where a gene is located, making it easier for RNA polymerase to transcribe the gene

DNA Methylation

usually inhibits transcription, either by blocking an activator protein or by recruiting proteins that make DNA more compact