World History Final

1545

Council of Trent/Counter Reformation

1789

Bastille Day/Beginning of French Revolution

1815

Battle of Waterloo

1453

End of 100 years war

1415

Battle of Agincourt

1804

Napoleon crowned emperor of France

1431

death of Joan of Arc

1215

Magna Carta

1517

Martin Luther-95 theses

1793

Execution of Louis XVI+Marie Antoinette

1812

Napoleon+Escape from Russia/Moscow

1377

Beginning of Great Schism

800

Crowning of Charlemagne as Emperor

1348

Bubonic plague enters Europe

1455

Gutenberg+Printing press

1066

Battle of Hastings

Guild

Business associations formed to protect members.

Monastery

Provided education, hospitals and libraries to society

Vassal

Anyone who served the lord

Manor

lord’s estate which included everything on it (villages, church, forest, roads, farmland, pastureland…)

Humanism

Interest in greek and roman culture that stresses the importance of people.

Émigré

(nobles who fled)-no protection from king

Coup d’ etat

a sudden overthrow of the government

Predestination

the belief that God had determined in advance who will be saved (the elect) and who will be damned (the reprobate)

Salvation

the state of being saved (that is, going to heaven) through faith alone or through faith and good works

Radical

relating to a political group associated with views, practices, and policies, of extreme change.

Bourgeoisie

controlled the government, city workers-worse off

Nationalism

support your country-not a ruler

Indulgence

payments to the church for the reduction of punishments of sins.

secular

worldly

serf

a peasant bound to the land

feudalism

Political and social system that developed during the Middle Ages when royal governments were no longer able to defend their subjects; nobles offered protection and land in return for service

salon

The elegant drawing rooms of great urban houses, where in the eighteenth century, writers, artists, aristocrats, government officials, and wealthy middle-class people gathered to discuss the ideas of the philosophers, helping spread the ideas of the Enlightenment.

republic

government in which people vote for representatives.

consanguinity

kinship; relationship by blood

vernacular

own native language

inquisition

a court established by the Catholic Church to discover and try heretics; also called the Holy Office

Philosophe

French for “philosopher” applied to all intellectuals- i.e., writers, professors, journalists, economists, and social reformers-during the Enlightenment

Romanesque

Roman type; tiny windows, heavy roofs

Gothic

type of architecture associated with cathedrals

Flagellants

People who whipped themselves to cleanse their sin--they thought Plague was God's punishment for sins.

Epidemic

sickness spread in small areas

Pandemic

Sickness spread in large areas

estate

one of the three classes into which French society was divided before the revolution: the clergy (First Estate), the noble (Second estate), and the townspeople, (Third Estate)

natural rights

rights with which all humans are born, including the rights to life, liberty, and property

fresco

a painting done on fresh, wet plaster with water-based paints

Hedonism

pursuit of pleasure, especially of the senses

Mannerism

an artistic movement that emerged in Italy in the 1520s and 1530s; it marked the end of the Renaissance by breaking down the principles of balance, harmony, and moderation

self-sufficient

able to provide there own needs

excommunication

casting out of the church

Schism

a formal split within a religious organization; any division or separation of a group or organization into hostile factions

Girondists

Tended to represent areas outside Paris and leaned toward keeping the king alive.

Jacobins

Increasingly felt the king needed to be executed to ensure he was not a rallying point for opponents of the republic.

Heresy

anti-church beliefs

guillotine

A device used for carrying out executions by decapitation.

Papal bull

an edict issued by the pope

cathedral

the principal church of a diocese, with which the bishop is officially associated.

homage

formal public acknowledgment of feudal allegiance

Charles Martel

He led the Franks to victory at Tours

Philip II

He attempted the 3rd crusade, but went home to France with an illness

Henry IV of HRE

He fought with the pope over power which led to a public apology

Clovis

He was the first of the Franks to unite the tribes after the fall of Rome

William I

He was victorious at Hastings

Louis VII

He led the 2nd crusade but failed to recapture Christian lands

St. Benedict

founded a community of monks for which he wrote a set of rules and came to be the standard in the Catholic Church and used by other groups of monks

Charlemegne

He was the first to be crowned HRE in the West

Edward the Confessor

His death led to a French invasion of England

Frederick Barbarossa

He lost his life when he drowned on his way to Jerusalem during the Crusade

Saladin

Great Muslim leader of the Third Crusade

Harald Hardrada

He was the viking king who attacked England in 1066

William the Pig

Led the children to slavery

Pope Innocent III

He was pope during the Scandal Crusade and had conflicts with John I

Pope Leo III

He crowned Charlemagne as HRE of the West

Pope Urban II

He spoke at Clermont and called for a crusade

Harold II

He became king in 1066, then lost his life and crown

Pope Gregory VII

Pope who fought with the HRE over the appointment of clergy

Richard I

This English king signed a treaty of three years with the Muslims

Nicholas/Stephen

Led children to recapture Jerusalem

Eleanor of Aquitaine

Attended the 2nd crusade and was the spouse to two kings

John I

He signed the Magna Carta under pressure from the nobles

Henry VII (Tudor)

Began Tudor Dynasty at the end of the English War of the Roses, won

Charles VII

French king during the Hundred Years' War who revived the French monarch and revived France itself, created the first permanent royal army

Henry V

led two successful invasions of France, cheering his outnumbered troops to victory at the 1415 Battle of Agincourt and eventually securing full control of the French throne.

Henry VI

\
weak king of England who could not control the local lords, was defeated in a civil war

Edward III

1338 declared himself rightful heir to French throne, started Hundred Years War

Philip IV

taxed the clergy in France and sent soldiers to arrest pope Boniface VIII, created the first french parliament

Edward the Black Prince

The son of Edward III, he never became king, but he was a gifted military leader who harrowed France during the 100 years war before his death from dysentary.

St. Margaret

\
was associated with a dragon; was a martyr; spoke to Joan of Arc

St. Catherine

Usually depicted with a spiked wheel; was a martyr; spoke to Joan of Arc

Robert de Baudricourt

He was the commander of the fortress at \n Vancoulers and a supporter of Charles.

Pope Benedict XV

\
Canonized Joan of Arc a saint 

Richard III

He was the last king from the House of York, and his defeat at the Battle of Bosworth marked the culmination of the Wars of the Roses

Isabella D’ Este

Born in Ferrara. Married in 1490. Francesco Gonzaga from Mantua. She was patron of the arts. She was known for her intelligence, beauty, singing voice and conversation.

Pieter Bruegel

Painted peasant life and landscapes, known for “The Peasant Wedding” and “The Peasant Dance”

enlightenment

period of scientific and political advancement that began in 18th century France.

estates

class system in France before the revolution

rule of law

no one is above the law

enlightened despot

ruler, usually a king who uses reign to help people.

assignat

a monetary instrument, an order to pay, used during the time of the French Revolution, and the French Revolutionary Wars.

basilica

a church building that has been accorded special privileges by the pope