Industrialization Review

Explain how natural resources contributed to U.S. industrialization.

Natural resources contributed by providing raw materials to build machines, and factories.

Describe two strategies used by unions to advocate for workers' rights

1. Collective bargaining (they negotiate with employees for better wages)

2. Public Action (if negotiations fail they strike)

How did the industrial growth of the late 19th century impact the upper class?

Increased wealth (benefited the most)

How did the industrial growth of the late 19th century impact the Middle Class?

Enjoyed better wages and stability

How did the industrial growth of the late 19th century impact the working class?

Harsh Conditions, low pay, long hours

How did the relationship between business owners and workers evolve during this period, and what factors influenced this change?

The relationship was tense (owners cut wages, and kept poor working conditions). Workers formed labor unions, and strikes

What is vertical integration?

a procedure in which a company takes control of all phases of production from start to finish (control of entire production process)

What did the Interstate Commerce Act of 1887 do?

Regulated Railroad Rates (banned charging different rates for the same service)

Which innovation revolutionized steel production during the late 19th century?

Bessemer Process

Andrew Carnegie's "Gospel of Wealth" argued that:

The wealthy must support the poor

The Standard Oil Trust, founded by John D. Rockefeller, was criticized for:

Price manipulation, Unfair business tactics

What was the main reason the United States became the world's leading industrial nation by the late 1800s?

Bc of its abundant natural resources, growing workforce, and tech innovations

What economic philosophy was prevalent during U.S. industrialization?

Laissez-faire (businesses should operate freely without Gov rules)

Four reasons why the US was able to industrialize so rapidly

1. Abundant natural resources (coal, oil, iron)

2. Technological Innovations (the telegraph)

3. Transportation Infrastructure (RR expansion)

4. Large Labor force (Growing population)

What invention by Alexander Graham Bell revolutionized communication?

The Telephone

Which company was formed after J.P. Morgan bought Carnegie Steel in 1901?

U.S. Steel

What was the purpose of the Pacific Railway Act of 1862?

To promote construction of transcontinental railroad

Which group made up the majority of workers building the Central Pacific railroad?

Chinese

What term was used to describe business leaders who were seen as exploiting workers and the public?

Robber Barons

What was a major goal of labor unions in the late 19th century?

Better Pay, Safe conditions, benefits

What strategy did unions use to pressure employers by refusing to buy their products?

Boycotting

What was the Homestead Strike of 1892 primarily about?

Carnegie Steel workers protesting against wage cuts, and bad work conditions

Which union leader founded the American Federation of Labor (AFL)?

Samuel Gompers

What type of union organizes all workers in a particular industry, regardless of skill?

Industrial Union

What did the term "closed shop" mean in relation to unions?

Only people who are members can get hired (you must join the union to work there)

One effect of industrialization in the United States in the late 1800s was the organization of labor unions as a way for workers to gain bargaining power in the workplace. Why did this development often lead to violence?

D) Business owners used force to protect their workplaces from unionization

Issues leading to strikes

1. Workers seek higher wages

2. Workers wish to protect rights

Name two "Robber Barons"

1. John D. Rockefeller

2. Andrew Carnegie

What year was the transcontinental railroad completed?

1869 May, 10th

Why was oil so sought after/ what could it be converted into?

It was high bc it could be converted to Gasoline, Kerosene etc.

What did the American Railway Association divide the US into in 1883?

Four different time zones

Laissez-faire means what?

businesses should operate freely without Government rules

What are strikebreakers known as?

Scabs

What is a monopoly?

complete control of an industry or the market for a service or product

Why were trusts created?

To eliminate competition, control prices etc

What is arbitration?

A way to settle disagreements without going to court

What are entrepreneurs?

Individuals who start and run their own businesses

What does it mean to be blacklisted?

put on a list that prevents someone from getting a job