The Third Crusade

From the preaching to the end.

What was the Papal Bull?

What was the Papal Bull?

Auditi Tremendi - On hearing with what severe and terrible judgment

Who preached the crusade?

Joscius, Archbishop of Tyre

Who was Conrad of Montferrat?

An Italian nobleman, and the ‘first responder’ to the fall of Jerusalem.

He protected Tyre against Salah ad-Din’s forces

What happened when Guy was released?

1188, He tried to return to Tyre, Conrad does not let him enter. He and a small force try besiege Acre.

What happens to Sibylla?

1190, Her and her children die in Guy’s camp. His legitimacy is weakened.

Sibylla’s sister Isabella is now the king-maker.

What happens to Isabella?

Conrad of Montferrat abducts her, forcing her to marry him to make him the rightful king.

Who were the leaders?

King Richard I of England → Duke of Normandy, Anjou and Aquitaine. In preparation he heavily taxed Jews, he taxed those who did not take the cross.

Emperor Frederick Barbarossa of HRE → Eldest and most powerful, he would unite the others.

King Phillip II of France → Introduced the Saladin tithe, a 10% tax on moveable goods.

What was the conflict between Richard and Phillip?

The English-French war was ongoing.

Richard owned land in France.

Richard married Berengaria of Navarre when he was supposed to marry Phillip’s sister Alice, he did this as there was rumour Henry II took Alice as a mistress.

However a truce was agreed upon, English Knights wore White crosses, French wore Red and Flemmish wore Green.

What happened to the German Contingent?

His army of around 15,000 men left first, they travelled over land.

They used envoys for safe passage, The Byzantines were hostile and the Turks ambushed them.

In Armenia Barbarossa drowns, his son Frederick of Swabia takes over, a large number of the German men leave.

What delayed Phillip?

His wife died in childbirth as well as the twins she was expecting, his heir was a three year old.

Richards Conquests

The French and English meet in Messina, with a joint 17,000 men.

They had to spend their winter in Messina, and so Richard I conquered Sicily.

Richards fleet is beached at Cyprus due to a storm, he conquers Cyprus.

Siege of Acre

Richard and Phillip arrive in the Holy land, siding with Guy and Conrad respectively.

Richard joins the siege of Acre providing men and tools, they overtake Acre.

Frederick of Swabia flies his flag, Richard I replaces it with his own, in result the Germans leave.

Phillip II leaves due to illness, worries at home, and the opportunity to exploit Richards absence, he leaves his men under Richard.

Battle of Arsuf

The crusaders march to Jaffa, on their way, near Arsuf, Salah ad-Din’s forces attack the rear.

The Hospitallers at the rear break formation and counter, a general charge is called overwhelming Salah ad-Dins forces.

Both sides face significant loss, but the crusaders march onwards where they successfully siege Jaffa.

March on Jerusalem

Richard I and his crusaders march onto Jerusalem, they are bogged down, they retreat to Ascalon, they besiege and take Ascalon.

Who becomes king of Jerusalem?

Conrad of Montferrat is given Kingship, Guy de Lusignan is given Cyprus.

Conrad shortly after is killed, Henry of Champagne becomes the King.

Salah ad-Din’s Retaliation

Salah ad-Din attempts to retake Jaffa, Richards forces quickly stop this.

Treaty of Jaffa

This was a three year peace agreement, Franks kept Jaffa, Tyre and Acre but were to return Ascalon, Pilgrimage could continue.