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What is IPM?
an ecosystem-based strategy that focuses on long-term prevention of pests or their damage through a combination of techniques such as biological control, habitat manipulation, modification of cultural practices, and the use of resistant varieties.
The integration
Pest resistant varieties
change planting dates
change harvest dates
crop rotation
managing water
What are the data used to determine losses by weeds?
Scouting and expert evaluation
shading effect
comparisons to other weeds in same crop
Ecology
is the science dealing with the mutual relationship among biological organisms and their environment
Ecosystem
a functioning system of complementary relations between living organisms and their environment
Agroecosystem
an ecosystem modified to produce, fiber, food, and other products of economic value
Pest X natural enemies X plant host X other organisms X the environment = the pest as a problem= management decision
Species/individual
single animals, plant, microorganism, and their individual population; relationship between a single species and others of the same species
Genotype
genetic code (3 different weeds in different environments)
Phenotype
organism reacts with the environment
Niche
the role the individual plays in that ecosystem
Population
the group of an individual in the same space possessing characteristics unique to the group
Population density
the number of individuals in a defined area
Age distribution
the proportion of individuals in each age group
Density independent factors
after growth and numbers regardless of population size: flood, drought, fire, disturbances, pest management action (spraying)
Density dependent factors
different affects when population is high versus low
Ecotype
an adapted population capable of thriving in a local habitat
Species richness/diversity
richness is the number of different species; diversity includes an abundance factor
Ecotones/edge effect
ecotones are the transition areas between communities
Additional definable components
Soil- as habitat, nutrient source, water reservoir
water- in particular amount, form, and timing of precipitation
temperature- average high and low frost dates,
lights- energy source, wavelength, duration/photoperiod
Soil characteristics play a role in the management of pests
Porosity
Organic matter
Texture
CEC (cation exchange capactity)
Water holding capacity
Infiltration
Microbial life
Yield potential determined by:
Light
temperature
carbon dioxide
cultivar choice
water supply
soil type
Farm yield gap limited by:
poor fertility
insects, weeds, diseases
poor management
So a disease develops only when the ecology of the situation is “lined up”
a susceptible host
a pathogen in the area
an environment favorable to pathogen infection/growth
R strategists
stands for “rate” pests will focus on a rapid rate of reproduction, rapid colonization typically be smaller in size, and efficiently find a host; low offspring survival (pigweed)
K strategists
represents “carrying capacity” focuses on the long-term survival success, slower reproduction rates, slow growth rates (elephant)
