Functions of plants cells

Waxy cuticle

A protective layer that reduces water loss from the leaf.

Upper epidermis

The outer layer of leaf cells that is transparent to let light through.

Palisade mesophyll

Layer of long thin cells packed with chloroplasts to absorb light for photosynthesis.

Spongy mesophyll

Layer of cells containing chloroplasts that facilitates photosynthesis and gas exchange.

Air spaces

Spaces in the spongy mesophyll that allow gas exchange with mesophyll cells.

Lower epidermis

The bottom layer of leaf cells containing stomata for gas exchange and a waxy cuticle to reduce water loss.

Guard cells

Cells that control the size of stomata to regulate gas exchange and water loss.

Stomata

Small openings that allow gas exchange and the diffusion of water vapor out of the leaf.

Xylem

Tissue that transports water from the roots to the leaves.

Phloem

Tissue that carries sugars produced in photosynthesis to all parts of the plant.

Photosynthesis

The process by which plants use light energy to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen.