Chemical Coordination and Integration

Vasopressin

________ acts mainly in the kidney and stimulates the resorption of water and electrolytes by the distal tubules and thereby reducing the loss of water through urine (diuresis)

Adenohypophysis

________ consists of two portions, pars distalis, and pars intermedia.

Catecholamines

________ also stimulate the breakdown of glycogen resulting in an increased concentration of glucose in blood.

Exopthalmic goitre

________ is a form of hyperthyroidism, characterised by enlargement of the thyroid gland, protrusion of the eyeballs, increased basal metabolic rate, and weight loss, also called Graves disease.

Endocrine

________ glands lack ducts and are hence, called ductless glands.

thyroid gland

The ________ is composed of two lobes which are located on either side of the trachea.

Adrenaline

________ and noradrenaline are rapidly secreted in response to stress of any kind and during emergency situations and are called emergency hormones or hormones of Fight or Flight.

Parathyroid hormone

________ (PTH) increases the Ca2+ levels in the blood.

Invertebrates

________ possess very simple endocrine systems with few hormones whereas a large number of chemicals act as hormones and provide coordination in the vertebrates.

Progesterone

________ also acts on the mammary glands and stimulates the formation of alveoli (sac- like structures which store milk) and milk secretion.

MSH

________ acts on the melanocytes (melanin- containing cells) and regulates the pigmentation of the skin.

LH

________ and FSH stimulate gonadal activity and hence are called gonadotropins.

Insulin

________ acts mainly on hepatocytes and adipocytes (cells of adipose tissue), and enhances cellular glucose uptake and utilisation.

Glucagon

________ reduces the cellular glucose uptake and utilisation.

Prolactin

________ regulates the growth of the mammary glands and the formation of milk in them.

menstrual cycle

In adult women, hypothyroidism may cause ________ to become irregular.

balance of water

Corticoids, which regulate the ________ and electrolytes in our body are called mineralocorticoids.

Aldosterone

________ is the main mineralocorticoid in our body.

Estrogens

________ produce wide ranging actions such as stimulation of growth and activities of female secondary sex organs, development of growing ovarian follicles, appearance of female secondary sex characters (e.g., high pitch of voice, etc.

Cortisol

________ is also involved in maintaining the cardio- vascular system as well as the kidney functions.

Oxytocin

________ acts on the smooth muscles of our body and stimulates their contraction.

adrenal cortex

The ________ secretes many hormones, commonly called as corticoids.

Neurohypophysis

________ (pars nervosa) also known as posterior pituitary, stores and releases two hormones called oxytocin and vasopressin, which are actually synthesized by the hypothalamus and are transported axonally to the ________.

Melatonin

________ plays a very important role in the regulation of a 24- hour (diurnal) rhythm of our body.

GIP

________ inhibits gastric secretion and motility.

Thymus

________ is degenerated in old individuals resulting in a decreased production of thymosins.

females

In ________, LH induces ovulation of fully mature follicles (Graafian follicles) and maintains the corpus luteum, formed from the remnants of the Graafian follicles after ovulation.

PTH

________ also stimulates reabsorption of Ca2+ by the renal tubules and increases Ca2+ absorption from the digested food.

FSH

________ stimulates the growth and development of ovarian follicles in females.

Maintenance of water

________ and electrolyte balance is also influenced by thyroid hormones.

TCT

Along with ________, it plays a significant role in calcium balance in the body.

ACTH

________ stimulates the synthesis and secretion of steroid hormones called glucocorticoids from the adrenal cortex.

seminiferous tubules

Testis is composed of ________ and stromal or interstitial tissue.

Glucocorticoids

________ stimulate gluconeogenesis, lipolysis and proteolysis; and inhibit cellular uptake and utilisation of amino acids.

Hypothyroidism

________ during pregnancy causes defective development and maturation of the growing baby leading to stunted growth (cretinism), mental retardation, low intelligence quotient, abnormal skin, deaf- mutism, etc.

TSH

________ stimulates the synthesis and secretion of thyroid hormones from the thyroid gland.

membrane bound

Hormones which interact with ________ receptors normally do not enter the target cell, but generate second messengers (e.g., cyclic AMP, IP3, Ca++ etc) which in turn regulate cellular metabolism.

Thymosins

________ play a major role in the differentiation of T- lymphocytes, which provide cell- mediated immunity.

Cumulative biochemical actions

________ result in physiological and developmental effects.

Hormones

________ are non- nutrient chemicals that act as intercellular messengers and are produced in trace amounts.

mammary gland

In females, it stimulates a vigorous contraction of the uterus at the time of childbirth, and milk ejection from the ________.

Underproduction of hormones

________ by the adrenal cortex alters carbohydrate metabolism causing acute weakness and fatigue leading to a disease called Addisons disease.

Leydig cells

The ________ or interstitial cells, which are present in the intertubular spaces produce a group of hormones called androgens mainly testosterone.

Iodine

________ is essential for the normal rate of hormone synthesis in the thyroid.

Diabetic patients

________ are successfully treated with insulin therapy.

Androgens

________ play a major stimulatory role in the process of spermatogenesis (formation of spermatozoa)

peptide hormone

The parathyroid glands secrete a(n) ________ called parathyroid hormone (PTH)

tissue metabolism

Target ________ and hence physiological functions are regulated by hormones.

Pineal

________ secretes a hormone called melatonin.

adrenal medulla

The ________ secretes two hormones called adrenaline or epinephrine and noradrenaline or norepinephrine.

The glucose homeostasis in blood is thus maintained jointly by the two

insulin and glucagon