history of med micro, microscope, fields of med micro quiz

Antonie van Leeuwenhoek

First to observe bacteria and protists (which he called animalcules); Father of Microbiology

Louis Pasteur

Investigated fermentation; disproved spontaneous generation; developed pasteurization; developed vaccinations for rabies and anthrax; developed the Germ Theory of Disease; Father of Bacteriology

Robert Koch

Created Koch’s postulates which help determine infectious cause of disease; id the cause of tb, anthrax and cholera; validated Germ Theory; developed agar for growth of bacteria; Father of Microbiology

Ignaz Semmelweis

Discovered cause of puerperal (Childbed) fever; required handwashing between patients (antisepsis)

Joseph Lister

Developed antisepsis procedures in surgery by use of carbolic acid

John Snow

Investigated and determine the source of a cholera outbreak in London; Father of Epidemiology

Edward Jenner

Smallpox vaccination

Paul Ehrlich

Discovered the first successful treatment for syphilis; developed the idea of chemotherapy “magic bullet” for disease

Martinus Beijerinck

Discovered viruses (virology) are reproducing entities; Father of Virology

Alexander Fleming

Discovered Penicillin (antibiotic)

Gerhard Domagk

Discovered Sulfonamide (sulfa antibiotic)

Carl Linnaeus

Created binomial nomenclature of taxonomy

written as Staphylococcus aureus (Genus species)

Hans Christian Gram

Developed stain to differentiate between Gram-positive & Gram-negative bacteria

Florence Nightingale

Established standards of care in hospital wards for patients reducing mortality rates

Dimitri Ivanovsky

Discovered the tobacco mosaic disease was caused by a virus; led to more research into viruses

Charles Louis Alphonse Laveran

Discovered the parasite causing malaria; did extensive research on protozoal diseases

Girolamo Fracastoro

Studied epidemic diseases; proposed that diseases were spread through 3 methods – air, direct contact and soiled clothes & linen – before Pasteur & Koch

Protozoology

the branch of biology dedicated to the study of protozoa, which are single-celled, animal-like microorganisms

Astro microbiology

the study of microorganisms in space or under space-like conditions, focusing on microbial life's resilience, adaptability, and potential existence beyond Earth.

Pharmaceutical Microbiology

the branch of applied microbiology that studies microorganisms in the context of pharmaceutical development, manufacturing, and product quality control to ensure patient safety and product efficacy.

Bioremediation

a process that uses microorganisms (like bacteria, fungi, and algae) or plants to remove, break down, or detoxify environmental pollutants from contaminated soil, water, or air

Virology

the branch of science that deals with the study of viruses.

Bacteriology

the study of bacteria.

Mycology

the scientific study of fungi.

Immunology

the branch of science that studies the body's immune system, its functions, and its disorders

Parasitology

the branch of biology or medicine concerned with the study of parasitic organisms.

Food Microbiology

the study of the microorganisms that inhabit, create, or contaminate food. This includes the study of microorganisms causing food spoilage.

Clinical (Medical) Microbiology

the branch of medical science focused on the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of infectious diseases by studying microorganisms like bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites.

Public Health Microbiology

a speciality which spans the fields of human, animal, food, water and environmental microbiology, with a focus on human health and disease. It requires laboratory scientists, epidemiologists, and clinicians to generate, integrate, analyse and communicate epidemic intelligence.

Agricultural Microbiology

the study of microorganisms that are agriculturally relevant, encompassing the interactions between beneficial and harmful microbes and plants, their roles in soil fertility, nutrient cycling, and plant disease.

Genetic Engineering (using microorganisms)

involves the precise modification of a microbe's DNA, often by inserting or altering genes, to create a genetically modified organism (GMO) with new or improved traits

Gene Therapy (using microorganisms)

a method to treat disease by using genetically engineered microorganisms, such as bacteria or viruses, as vectors to deliver therapeutic genetic material into cells.

Eyepiece or Ocular

where you look through to see the image of your specimen; magnification of 10x.

Nosepiece

holds the scanning, low-power & high power objective lenses; allows the lenses to rotate for viewing.

Objective lenses

Scanning power: provides the lowest total magnification of 40x

Low power: provides about 100x total magnification.

High power: provides about 400x total magnification.

Oil Immersion: provides the highest magnification of 1000x

Stage

where the slide is placed.

Light Source (Illuminator)

adjustable dial that allows different amounts of light to shine onto the stage

Base

supports the microscope; used to carry the microscope

Arm

attaches the eyepiece and body tube to the base; used to support the microscope when carrying

Coarse Adjustment Knob

the larger knob used for focusing the specimen on the scanning –power objective.

Fine Adjustment Knob

the smaller knob used to fine-tune the focus of your specimen using the low and high-power objectives.

Body Tube

supports the eyepiece; connects eyepiece to nosepiece

Brightness adjustment

Controls the intensity of the illuminator

Explain why the light microscope is also called the compound microscope.

The light microscope is also called the compound microscope because it uses the ocular lenses and objective lenses to see the specimen.

Images observed under the light microscope are reversed and inverted. Explain what this means.

They appear upside down and flipped left-to-right compared to how they actually are on the slide.

Explain why the specimen must be centered in the field of view on low power before going to high power.

The specimen must be centered in the field of view on low power before going to high power because high power magnifies only a small portion of the slide. If the specimen is not centered beforehand, it may move out of view completely when switching to high power.

Describe the changes in the field of view and the amount of available light when going from low to high power using the compound microscope.

When moving from low to high power, the field of view becomes smaller, so you see less of the specimen. At the same time, the amount of light that reaches your eye also decreases, making the image darker.

stage clips

holds the slide in place.

stage stop

stops the stage from rising up and hitting the objective lenses

aperture

opening on the stage that allows light to pass through

Diaphragm (iris)

directs light upward

on/off switch (power)

the button that turns the microscope on and off.