Chp 11 Gregor mendel pt 1

This is a study set on the pt 1 of ch11 including all the terms and meaning that are needed to know for the quiz and exam

Gregor Mendel

Formulated the fundamental laws of heredity in the early 1860s and made experiments on the heritance of simple traits in the garden pea that disproved the blending hypothesis

what is the blending hypothesis?

It is the idea that genetic material from two parents blend together

what is the particulate hypothesis?

It is the theory that genes are inherited as distinct units, maintaining their individuality across generations, rather than blending together.

why were the garden peas used in Mendel experiment?

Easy to cultivate, they normally self pollinate, short generation, true-breeding(homozygous), and they simple and objective traits

what are traits?

Distinct heritable features

How can you describe true breeding?

True breeding refers to organisms that, when self-pollinated, produce offspring identical to themselves for specific traits, ensuring uniformity in the next generation.

Hybridization

The process of crossing two different true-breeding varieties to produce offspring with traits from both parents. The true breeding parents are called the P generation, the hybrid offspring of the P generation are called F1 generation, when individuals self pollinate or cross pollinate with the other F1 hybrids, the F2 generation is produced

What is the law of segregation?

The law of segregation states that allele pairs separate during gamete formation, ensuring offspring inherit one allele from each parent.

How can you describe alleles?

alternative versions of genes

Mendel inheritance model

1.Each individual has a pair of factors (alleles) for each trait

2. the factors (alleles) segregate during gamete formation

3. each gamete contains one factors from each pair of factors

4. sexual reproduction gives the offspring two factors for each other

where do genes reside

they reside on a specific locus on a specific chromosome

Genotype

is 2 (Bb) alleles

Allele

is 1 (b)

If identical they are…

Homozygous

if different they are…

Heterozygous

Meiosis

Is when a diploid turns into a haploid (2n-n)

Ploidy

The number of complete sets of chromosomes in a cell

Haploid (n)

Refers to the number of chromosomes in a complete set (23)

what are gamtes?

are haploid

Rosalina Franklin

discovered double helix structure using x-ray (photography)

Crick and Watson

discovered franklins lab notebook and pictures after being given to them by Maurice Wilkins

Explain the law of independent assortment

It is the pair of factors segregate independently of the factors for other traits

What is the multiplication rule

states that the probability that two or more independent events will occur together id the product of their individual probabilities

The addition rule

states that the probability that anyone of two or more mutually exclusive events will occur is calculated by adding together their individual probabilities

complete dominance

occurs when the phenotypes of the heterozygous and dominant homozygous are undisguisable

incomplete dominance

the phenotype of F1 hybrids is somewhere between the phenotypes of the two potential varieties (MIx)

Codominance

two dominant alleles affect the phenotype in separate, distinguishable way

pleiotropy

occurs when a single mutant gene affect two or more distinct and seemingly unrelated traits

epistasis

a gene at one locus alters the phenotypic expression of a gene at the second locus

Polygenic traits (AABbcc)

many genes coating for one trait

Epistasis

When one gene depends on another gene for it to be expressed

what are considered Autosomes

chromosomes other then sex chromosomes (x or Y)

What is sickle cell disease

a genetic disorder that can lead to pain and organ damage. Affects one out four hundred african americans

Natural selection

acts on individuals, but only populations can evolve

Define microevolution and include the main mechanisms

Is a change in allele frequency in a population over generations. Natural selection, genetic drift, and gene flow.

what is variation in heritable traits

is a pre requiste for evolution by natural selections

Phenotypic variation often reflect…..

genetic variation

What is hardy Wein burg equilibrium?

if there are 2 alleles at a locus, P and q are used to represent their frequencies

What is a population

They are a group of individual that live in the same area and interbreed, producing fertile offspring

Gene pool

consists of all alleles for all loci in a population

what does fixed mean?

it does not change

what are the five requirements for a population to be considered at hardy Wein burg equilibrium?

No selection, no migration, no mutation, large population, and random mating

P²+pq+q²

Genotype frequencies

P²

Homozygous dominant

q²

heterozygous recessive

p+q=1

allele frequency

Define antibiotic resistance

when a bacteria changer and become stronger, so antibiotics that used to kill them no longer work

what is founder affect

when a few individual become isolated from a larger population

define bottleneck affect

can result from drastic reduction in a population size due to a sudden environmental change (disruptive)

Genetic drift can cause….to change at random and

genetic composition, effects small populations

define reproductive success

means how well an organism passes on its genes to the next generation and is generally more subtle and depends on many factors

what is relative fitness

is the contribution and individual makes to the gene pool of the next generation, relative to the contribution of other individuals

Balancing selection

when a natural selection maintains stable frequencies of two or more phenotypic forms in a population (heterozygous advantage and frequency dependent selection)

what is heterozygous advantage

occurs when heterozygous have a higher fitness than do both homozygotes

what is frequency dependent selection

the fitness of a phenotype depends on how common it is in a population

sexual dimorphism

differences between species the sexes in secondary sexual characteristics

reproductive success

when your offspring survives to reproduce

three major factors that alter allele frequency

natural selection, gene flow, and genetic drift

Bottemans principle can be described as

in many species variability in reproductive success is greater in males then females, sec that invest the most in offspring production is the limiting resource

Honest signaling

male traits convey true information about their fitness

handicap principle

males have seemingly maladaptive of costs that signal their overall fitness, as only the fittest can afford to produce such costly traits.

Natural selection increase…

the frequencies of alleles that enhance reproductive success in a population and fitness