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important concepts and influences on physical activity
less physical activity in late elementary school because of fewer or shorter recesses and gym class usually once a week, slower growth but more strength, and improved medical care and health habits (personal hygiene)
asthma
a life-long, chronic lung disease that cause inflammation in the airways and makes it difficult to breathe
factors influencing asthma
if child’s other family members have it, they have allergic conditions, they live in urban areas or areas with higher pollution, or if they have obesity
brain development
prefrontal cortex, corpus callosum, and myelination all contribute to a super connected brain
implications of brain development
reduction in reaction time and selective attention
selective attention
the ability to concentrate on some stimuli while ignoring others
automatization
repetition of a sequence of thought and actions until it no longer requires conscious thought
ADHD symptoms and treatment
difficulty focusing, fidgeting, acting out in class, and therapy and medication
specific learning disorder
deficits in specific areas of learning, usually in math, reading, or writing. Difficulties in one area can usually lead to difficulty in another area
Autism Spectrum Disorders
antisocial behavior and difficulty communicating, specific interests; 1 in 36 children in the US today
characteristics of concrete operational thought
ability to reason, ability to organize things into groups (classification), ability to grasp concepts that are implied (transitive inference), and ability to order subjects according to a rule (seriation). Better cognitive flexibility, selective attention, inhibitory control, planning, semantic memory, metamemory, language skills, discourse skills, pragmatics, vocabularly and grammar, inferences, and metaphors.
Information Processing Theory
better information processing and executive functioning observed in middle childhood
predictors of academic success
greater exposure to language limits implications of a language delay and expectations from administrators, teachers, school, parents and society. Students from a lower SES tend to perform worse in school both academically and behaviorally
the hidden curriculum
unwritten and unstated rules that influence learning in schools
important concepts of standardized tests
used to determine academic success of students based on how teachers teach, results are used to determine schools that are worthy of extra funding to support their students (high scores = higher funding), controversial because schools that are doing worse on standardized tests most likely need more funding
phonics approach
teaching reading through syllables and sight words, helps beginners with the basics andeasier to learn than whole language approach, but usually less fun
whole language approach
teaches reading as a part of everyday life, doesn’t focus on the basics so some students struggle later on, but is usually more fun (and more difficult) than the phonics approach
ability grouping
process of putting students with similar abilities in the same group to work with one another; can boost the self-esteem of the students in higher groups, but also brings down the self-esteem of the students in lower groups; social comparisons
IEP
an individualized educational program for children who receive special education related services; outlines a plan that has educational goals and services that are individualized, not mainstreamed
