GCSE EDEXCEL GEOGRAPHY A - Changing Cities(4)

What is urbanisation?

The increase in the proportion of the population living in towns or cities.

What characterizes developing countries in terms of population engagement?

Most of the population is engaged in subsistence farming and lives in rural areas.

What occurs during rural-urban migration?

People leave the countryside to obtain better jobs in factories located in towns.

Which countries experience the fastest increase in urbanisation?

Emerging countries.

What type of activities do most people in developed countries engage in?

Tertiary or quaternary activities.

What was the urbanisation level of developed countries 50 years ago?

A small group of rich developed countries already had a high percentage of the population in urban areas.

What has been the trend in urbanisation for developed countries over the last 50 years?

They have maintained a high level of urbanisation with only small increases in some areas.

What has happened to many poor developing countries over the last 50 years?

Many have industrialised and become emerging countries with a rapid increase in urban population.

What are the effects of urbanisation in developed countries?

Congestion, high house prices, and waiting lists for education.

What challenges do emerging and developing countries face due to urbanisation?

Unemployment, large class sizes in education, and the rise of shanty towns.

What is a shanty town?

An area where insufficient housing exists, forcing new arrivals to construct homes from waste materials.

What factors contribute to the growth of urban areas?

Physical, historical, economic, and political factors.

What historical event in the 1800s contributed to urbanisation in the UK?

The Agricultural Revolution and the Industrial Revolution.

What role did the Industrial Revolution play in urbanisation?

It created new, better-paying manufacturing jobs in factories, prompting rural-urban migration.

What are primary industries?

Industries that supply raw materials, which boomed in the 1800s, attracting workers to extraction centers.

What is the significance of transport links in urban growth?

Good transport links reduce costs for raw materials and finished products, leading to increased demand and job creation.

What is the connectivity situation in Birmingham?

Birmingham has developed extensive transport links including canals, railways, and motorways.

What is the population of Birmingham?

Approximately 1.2 million people.

What is the requirement for a city to be officially recognized in the UK?

It must have a cathedral or a royal charter.

What are the characteristics of urban areas?

Built-up locations with high population density, primarily used for residential, commercial, industrial, or transport purposes.

What is the urbanisation rate in Wales?

89%.

What are the major urban areas in the UK?

London, Birmingham, Leeds, Glasgow, and Sheffield.

What is the impact of the financial sector's development in London?

It attracted firms and workers, contributing to urban growth.

What is the role of transnational corporations (TNCs) in urbanisation?

They set up new factories, driving rural-urban migration and creating jobs.

What is the natural increase in urban areas?

The birth rate minus the death rate, which is often higher in cities due to younger populations.

What are the urbanisation levels across different regions of England?

All regions have urbanisation levels over 90%, with London at 99.9% and the South West at 90.8%.

What infrastructure was constructed in Birmingham in 1770?

The Birmingham Canal, which allowed transport of bulk products and development of the iron industry.

How long was the Birmingham Canal Network by the late 1800s?

250 km, with a link to London via the Grand Union Canal.

When was Birmingham connected to London by rail?

In 1838.

What major motorway links Birmingham to London?

The M6 motorway.

What is the significance of Birmingham Airport?

It links Birmingham to Europe and the rest of the world.

What cultural institutions are located in Birmingham?

Birmingham Symphony Orchestra, Birmingham Royal Ballet, and Barber Institute of Fine Arts.

What percentage of Birmingham's population was born outside the UK?

22%, with 19% being South Asian.

What is the Central Business District (CBD) of Birmingham known for?

It contains shops, offices, public buildings, and entertainment facilities, focused around the Bull Ring and Grand Central Shopping Centre.

What characterizes the inner city of Birmingham?

High-density housing, built during industrialization, with many areas containing factories and terraced housing.

What is the role of the industrial zone in Birmingham?

It contains factories that require good transport links for raw materials and finished goods.

What are the suburbs of Birmingham primarily characterized by?

Low-density housing, mostly built in the 1930s, 1950s, and 1960s, with larger semi-detached homes.

What is the rural-urban fringe?

A zone on the edge of the city containing a mix of rural and urban land uses, including low-density housing and industrial estates.

What is urbanization?

The increase in the percentage of the population living in towns or cities, often driven by rural-urban migration.

What is suburbanization?

The construction of low-density housing on the edge of the city, often due to rural-urban migration.

What is counter-urbanization?

The movement of people from cities to smaller towns or rural areas, often due to congestion and high living costs in cities.

What is re-urbanization?

The movement of people back to cities after a period of population decline, often due to redevelopment and new job opportunities.

What types of migration are significant in Birmingham?

National migration, international migration, retirement migration, employment migration, and study migration.

What has driven employment migration to Birmingham since 1990?

The development of tertiary sector jobs and redevelopment of the CBD.

What is the impact of study migration in Birmingham?

Birmingham has five universities, and the number of students rose by 63% from 2001 to 2011.

What is the significance of the Bull Ring Shopping Centre?

It is a key feature of Birmingham's CBD, redeveloped in 2003.

What is the role of the M5 motorway in Birmingham's transport network?

It links Birmingham to Bristol and Exeter in the southwest.

What was the effect of deindustrialization in Birmingham during the 1970s and 1980s?

Factories closed, leading to increased unemployment and prompting some workers to relocate to smaller towns.

What is the significance of the Gas Street Basin in Birmingham?

It was redeveloped into apartments, restaurants, and a bar area in the 1990s.

What are the characteristics of Birmingham's suburbs?

They include parks, smaller shopping arcades, schools, and places of worship, with many housing estates built as rented council housing.

What was the percentage increase in the number of students in Birmingham from 2001 to 2011?

63%

What type of housing is commonly bought in Aston for student accommodation?

Cheap inner city terraced housing

What led to the recruitment campaigns in Commonwealth countries during the 1950s and 1960s?

Labour shortages during the post-war economic boom

What was the status of Commonwealth citizens in relation to immigration to the UK until 1962?

They were British subjects and could move freely to the UK.

Which areas in Birmingham have a concentration of migrants from Pakistan, India, and Bangladesh?

Inner city areas like Sparkbrook

What significant migration trend occurred in Birmingham following the 2012 Arab Spring?

Refugees fleeing war and persecution, particularly from Syria.

What was the impact of government spending cuts on universities in Birmingham?

Universities encouraged foreign students, leading to an increase in international student numbers.

What was Birmingham's population according to the 2021 census?

1,145,000

What was the percentage increase in Birmingham's population from 2011 to 2021?

6.7%

What factors contributed to Birmingham's population growth?

Natural increase and positive net migration

What percentage of Birmingham's population is under 45 years old?

66%

What is the percentage of Birmingham's population that is from non-white ethnic groups?

42%

What percentage of Birmingham's population were born outside the UK?

22%

What is the significance of the term 'deindustrialisation' in Birmingham?

It refers to the decline in manufacturing and job losses in the city.

What were some causes of deindustrialisation in Birmingham?

Globalisation, decentralisation, technological advances, and transport developments.

What is the impact of unemployment due to deindustrialisation in Birmingham?

Increased social problems, including low self-esteem, mental health issues, and crime.

What does the Multiple Deprivation Index measure?

It measures 38 indicators across seven categories, including employment, health, and education.

What is the function of the Geographical Information System (GIS) in relation to census data?

It uses electronic maps to superimpose layers of data for analysis.

What percentage of Birmingham's population lives in the most deprived quartile in the UK?

40%

What is the age structure of Birmingham's population compared to the UK average?

Birmingham has a higher proportion of young adults and children.

What is the significance of Sparkbrook in Birmingham's demographic structure?

It has 87% non-white ethnicity, with a majority being Asian.

What is the demographic characteristic of Selly Oak in Birmingham?

80% of the population are students.

How did the construction of the inner ring road in the 1970s affect Birmingham's factories?

It led to the forced closure of some inner city factories.

What does the term 'youthful population' refer to in the context of Birmingham?

A significant percentage of the population is made up of children and young adults.

What is the percentage of Birmingham's population that identifies as Christian?

46%

What role did technological advances play in the decline of the car industry in Birmingham?

They led to more capital-intensive production, resulting in job losses.

What is DATASHINE?

A GIS that uses census data to create choropleth maps showing levels of deprivation in Birmingham.

Where are the most deprived areas of Birmingham located?

In the inner city, such as Sparkbrook, and some suburbs in the south and west.

What are common issues in the most deprived areas of Birmingham?

High unemployment, low incomes, low educational attainment, poor health, and poor housing conditions.

What is the impact of migration to the inner city on education and healthcare?

Leads to larger class sizes and more people per doctor, requiring more classroom assistants and interpreters.

What is the Central Business District (CBD) in Birmingham?

An area containing retail, commercial, and public buildings, divided into inner core, outer core, and frame.

What does the inner core of Birmingham's CBD contain?

Offices, department stores, and specialist comparison shops.

What is the Zone of Assimilation?

An area of new CBD development into the frame or inner city, such as a new shopping mall.

What are Out-of-Town Shopping Centres and why are they attractive to shoppers?

Large shopping malls built in the rural-urban fringe, attractive due to free parking, accessibility, and a wide range of shops.

What was the impact of Merry Hill shopping centre on Birmingham's CBD?

It caused a 12% drop in trade in the CBD from 1990 to 1995.

What are the advantages of internet shopping?

24-hour shopping, a wide range of products, often cheaper, and convenience.

What is the recycling rate in Birmingham as of 2024?

30% of total waste, but dropped to 23% due to a strike by bin men.

What is the Birmingham Council Youth Promise?

Aims to provide employment, education, or training for all aged 14-25.

What is the goal of Birmingham's Health & Wellbeing Strategy 2022-2030?

To create a 'bolder, healthier Birmingham' with core elements like access to healthy food and mental wellness.

What is the Birmingham Transport Plan 2021-2030 aiming to achieve?

To expand public transport provision and reduce the number of cars in the city.

What initiative did Birmingham Council launch in 2016 to improve housing?

A £59 million energy efficiency scheme providing grants for home insulation.

What is the HDI of Mexico as of 2019?

0.775

What is the population of Mexico City?

12 million people.

What is the GDP per capita (PPP) of Mexico as of 2019?

$9,860

What is the significance of the Bullring and Grand Central redevelopment?

Created 1,000 new jobs and made Birmingham more attractive for private sector startups.

What are the main components of sustainable living?

Meeting current needs without negatively impacting future generations, including recycling and renewable resource management.

What health issues are caused by petrol and diesel vehicles?

Air pollution leading to respiratory diseases and greenhouse gas emissions causing climate change.

What is the average healthy life expectancy in Birmingham compared to the UK average?

59 years in Birmingham compared to 63 years in the UK.

What does the term 'conurbation' refer to in the context of Mexico City?

A continuous built-up area combining Mexico City with several smaller cities.

What is the role of the Birmingham Education Partnership?

To recruit highly qualified teachers and support local schools.