The Reformation Lecture Review

Vocabulary flashcards covering key terms, historical figures, and doctrines of the Reformation from the lecture notes.

The Great Schism of 1054

The split in Christianity that divided the church into the Roman Catholic Church in Western Europe and the Eastern Orthodox Church in Eastern Europe.

Pope

The head of the Roman Catholic Church and the most powerful religious figure in Western Europe, who also held political power over the Papal States.

Holy Roman Emperor

The most powerful political figure leading up to 1500, who ruled over the Germanic States, the Netherlands, and parts of Italy while serving as protector of the Pope and Catholic Church.

Hapsburg family

The Austrian family that held the title of Holy Roman Emperor by the 1500's.

Renaissance

A period beginning around 1300 marked by new ways of thinking in art, architecture, science, and philosophy.

Age of Exploration

A period beginning in the late 1400's where the discovery of new worlds led to new ways of thinking.

Printing Press

Invention created in the 1450's by Johann Gutenberg in Mainz, Germany that made printing faster and documents more accessible to the masses.

Johann Gutenberg

The inventor of the printing press in Mainz, Germany during the 1450's.

Martin Luther

A monk from Saxony born in 1483 who joined the Order of the Hermits of St. Augustine in 1505 and initiated the Protestant Reformation.

Sale of Indulgences

The payment of money to the Catholic Church to have one's sins forgiven or to release a soul from purgatory.

95 Theses

A list of 95 complaints against the Catholic Church written by Martin Luther and sent to the Archbishop of Mainz on October 31, 1517.

Diet of Worms

A meeting held from January to May 1521 where Martin Luther presented his views to Holy Roman Emperor Charles V and refused to recant his writings.

Charles V

The Holy Roman Emperor who presided over the Diet of Worms and later issued the Peace of Augsburg in 1555.

Frederick the Wise

The ruler of Saxony who offered protection to Martin Luther after Luther was declared an outlaw.

Diet of Speyer

A 1526 meeting that granted local Germanic leaders authority to determine religion in their territories, which was later repealed in 1529.

Protestants

The name initially given to Germanic leaders who protested the 1529 repeal of local religious authority, later used to describe all non-Catholic Christians.

Peace of Augsburg

A 1555 religious settlement issued by Charles V that recognized a permanent division in Christianity and allowed rulers of Germanic states to choose between Catholicism and Lutheranism.

Ulrich Zwingli

A reformer from Zurich, Switzerland (1484–1531) who opposed images and music in churches and promoted a literal reading of the Bible.

67 Articles

A work published by Ulrich Zwingli in 1523 explaining his reform beliefs.

Doctrine of Transubstantiation

The Catholic doctrine stating that the bread and wine served during mass are transformed into the real body and blood of Jesus.

John Calvin

A lawyer from France (1509–1564) who led religious reforms in Geneva, Switzerland, teaching that political and religious change must go together.

Divine Predestination

The Calvinist belief that a person's life, death, and salvation status were determined by God from the beginning of time.

Doctrine of the Elect

The belief in Calvinism that God chose specific individuals for salvation, and those chosen individuals formed Calvin's church.