Encoding and Memory Processes (September 25 notes)

These flashcards cover key concepts related to encoding and memory processes, including the recency effect, levels of processing, and various manipulation techniques that enhance memory.

Recency Effect

Better memory for the most recent lecture.

Temporal Distinctiveness Account

Conclusion that a recency effect would not be expected for material covered one week ago.

Retention Interval

The time between encoding and retrieval, where consolidation takes place.

Ratio Rule

If the retention interval exceeds the time between events, a recency effect will not occur.

Working Memory (WM)

Replaced the term 'short-term memory,' focusing on processes involved in short-term tasks.

Encoding

The process of taking information in from the environment and storing it in a way the nervous system can handle.

Levels of Processing Effect

How well you remember something depends on how you process it at encoding.

Shallow Processing

Processing an item for its surface features, appearance, or visual quality.

Deep Processing

Processing an item by drawing upon its meaning and engaging in elaboration.

Generation Effect

Actively generating part of the information being learned leads to a much stronger memory trace.

Production Effect

Reading material out loud enhances memory.

Desirable Difficulty

Introducing a certain amount of difficulty at encoding leads to better memory traces in the long term.