Bio 132 - Unit 3: Animal Characteristics - Learning Objectives

explain the characteristics that define animals; be able to distinguish animals from plants, fungi, protozoa, and
prokaryotes

describe hox genes in animal development

regulates body development and where different parts form

distinguish between forms of symmetry – asymmetry

no body plan/shape (ex. sponge)

distinguish between forms of symmetry – radial

organized around a central axis (ex. coral, starfish, jellyfish)

distinguish between forms of symmetry – bilateral

two mirrored halves with a left and right side

explain how animal symmetry relates to the animals’ methods of movement and obtaining food

dorsal side

top

ventral side

bottom

anterior

head end

posterior

tail end

cephalization

the development of a head

diploblastic gastrula

2 germ layers - ecto and endo

triploblastic gastrula

3 germ layers - ecto, meso, and endo

Identify the tissues or organs that the different embryonic layers form in the mature animal

cleavage

rapid cell division

blastula

embryo with hollow ball of cells

gastrula

embryo with cup shaped structure created by folding in of cells

zygote

fertilized egg cell (2n)

ectoderm

skin cells, neuron of brain, nervous system and pigment cells

mesoderm

cardiac and skeletal muscle cells, tubule cells of kidney, red blood cells, smooth muscle cells in gut

endoderm

lung cells, thyroid cells, digestive pancreatic cells

gastrulation

blastopore

embryonic cleavage

embryo starts developing into a multicellular organism after fertilizatin

compare fate of blastophere

protostome is mouth and dueterostome is anus

compare the developmental differences between protostomes and deuterostomes

protostomes cleavage is spiral and determinate

deuterostomes cleavage is radial and indeterminate

compare spiral and radial cleavage

radial cleavage is division is even between two poles and occurs in echinoderms and amphioxus

spiral cleavage leads to spiral arrangement of cells and occurs in annelids, flatworms, and mollusks

compare determinate and indeterminate cleavage

determinate cleavage results in cells with fixed destinies

indeterminate cleavage allows for more flexibility in development

compare schizocoelous and enterocoelous development

schizocoelous development involves mesodermal cells splitting within the blastocoel

enterocoelous devolpment involves the mesoderm forming as pouches off the endoderm

within the protostome clade, distinguish between ecdysozoans and lophotrochozoans

ecdysozoans shed a exoskeleton called a cuticle to grow

lophotrochozoans have a feeding structure called a lophophore and often have a trochophore larval stage

in both, their mouth develops before their anus

coelomate body plans

formation of body cavity is entercoelous folds

pseudocoelomate body plans

body cavity that is not surrounded by mesoderm derived tissues, was the blastocoel from the embryo

acoelomate body plans

no body cavity, bodies are solid between the digestive tract and body covering

ecdysozoan

shed their exoskeleton through ecdysis, arthropods and nematodes

lophotrochozoan

porifera

sea sponge

choanocytes

help sponges filter out nutrients from the water

amoebocytes

cells that perform digestion and transport

spongin

flexible material make up skeleton of some sponges

spicules