Anatomy Practical 1 Tissues

Simple Squamous Epithelium

Flat single cells, flat nucleus, found in air sacs of lungs/capillaries

40x magnification

Function: Easy diffisuion of O2/CO2

Simple Columnar Epithelium

Tall columns of cells, elongated nucleus, found in intestines

Magnification: 40x

Functions: Aids in secretion and absorption

Simple Cuboidal Epithelium

Cuboidal cells, round nucleus, found in kidney, tubules, and thyroid gland

Magnification: 100x

Function: Handles secretion, absorption, and excretion

Pseudostratified (Ciliated) Columnar Epithelium

More than 1 layer, all touch basement membrane, typically can see cilia on apical surface, found in lumen of trachea and epididymis

Magnification: 400x

Function: Mucus production, protection

Transitional Epithelium

Stratified, but not classified by shape of cell

Cell can change when organ is stretched, found in urinary bladder and ureters

Magnification: 100x

Function: Changes shape to allow organs to stretch and relax

Adipose Tissue

Has chicken-wire appearance; cell full of triglyceride molecules

Found throughout the body under skin and around organs

Magnification: 100x

Function: Energy storage, endocrine control, protection

Areolar CT

Fibroblasts are the nuclei, lots of fibers (pink fibers are collagen and purple are elastin), found in basement membrane of epithelial tissue and walls of hollow organs

Total Magnification: 100x

Dense Regular CT

Comprised of cells (fibroblasts) that can withstand great tensile stress, found in ligaments and tissues

Magnification: 100x

Function: Unidirectional strength and structural support

Reticular CT

Dark-stained network of reticular fibers, found in the spleen and lymph nodes, and around blood vessels and nerves

Magnification: 100x

Function: Supporting framework, filtering, blood cell production

Blood Tissue

Consists of liquid extracellular matrix (ECM) called plasma and contains red blood cells (without nucleus) and white blood cells (darkly stained nucleus)

Magnification: 400x (connective tissue)

Function: Circulates the body to transport oxygen, defend against infection, and maintain stable internal conditions (homeostasis)

Smooth Muscle

Identify concentric ring of smooth muscle surrounding the organ; cells are individual, spindle shaped with a centrally located nucleus that lack striation, found mainly in the walls of hollow organs

Magnification: 100x

Function: Digestive tract, regulates blood pressure/blood flow pressure, controls air flow, and manages waste in the blatter

Cardiac Muscle

Only located in the walls of the heart. Cells have branching patterns and are uninucleate with strataions, dark bonds are called intercalated discs. Gap junctions at the discs allow for rapid electrical stimulation of the heart

Magnification: 100x

Function: Involuntary pumping, pacemaker regulation, endurance

Isotonic

The Extracellular matrix has same solute concentration as the cells cytosol, therefore there is no net movement of water into or out of the cell when an isotonic solution

Hypotonic Solution

The ECM has a lower solute (particles) concentration than inside the cell in the cytosol. A higher solvent (water) concentration outside cell means the water will move across the cell membrane INTO the cell causing the cell to increase in volume

Hypertonic Solution

The ECM has a higher solute (particles) concentration than inside the ell. A lower solvent (water) concentration outside the cell means the ester will move OUT OF the cell causing it to decrease in volume

Prophase

DNA condenses and is getting ready to be copied

chromosomes copy into sister chromatins

Metaphase

Sister chromatins line up; spindle fibers attach

Anaphase

Sister chromatins separate; starts division

Telophase

New cell membrane is formed; 2 daughter cells

Cytokinesis

The cytoplasm is divided among the 2 daughter cells

Passive Transport

Molecules go down its concentration gradient from a high concentration to a low concentration (no energy is required)

Osmosis

Water moves across the plasma membrane, changing the volume of the cell (no energy is required)

Active Transport

The movement of molecules a cell membrane from a low concentration to a high concentration; going against the concentration gradient and requires cellular energy

Mitochondria

Generates energy for cells (glucose + O2__ ATP+ H20+CO2)

2 membranes: Electron transport occurs (cellular respiration)

Self-replicating: Have their own DNA (increases in numbers as active cells required)

Ribosome

Site of protein synthesis (translation)

2 subunits (large=adds amino acids, small=decodes DNA)

Free in cytoplasm; attached to membrane

Endoplasmic Reticulum

“within cytoplasm” a network

Rough ER

ribosomes- protein synthesis occurs here

Smooth ER

Continuation of eER: no protein synthesis

Abundant in liver, kidney cells, and muscle cells

Metabolism of lipids; synthesis of cholesterol

Detoxification of toxins; glycogen (stores CO2 in animal cells)

Golgi Apparatus

Modifies, packages, and releases proteins (post office of cells)

proteins are the final destination

Lysosomes

“A body that breaks things down”

Digests (contents of endocytosis)

Degrade old organelles

Metabolic functions (glycogen__glucose)

Centrosome and centrioles

Sets up mitotic spindle

All built of micro tubules

Cilia and Flagella

Cilia: Motile “move” stuff of themselves

On pseudostrafitied columnar cells in respiratory tract

Flagella: Only human cells=sperm

The Nucleus and Nuclear Envelope

Nucleus: Control Center: Encloses DNA

• Red blood cells have no nucleus__can’t divide

Nuclear Envelope: Large nuclear pores (allow control for passage)

• mRNA exists; transcription factors enter

Nuceoli

Within nucleus

• larger in growing cells (more numerous)

• transcribes ribosomal RNA and assemble it with ribosomal proteins to create the large/small subunits of ribosomes

Chromatin

Chromosomes: How DNA is condensed

• Visible at mitosis

DNA (packaged around)___Histone proteins (makeup)__Nucleosomes (protein at DNA wrapped around)