BIOL189A Exam 1 Study Guide Vocabulary

Vocabulary flashcards created from the BIOL189A Exam 1 Study Guide objectives and vocabulary list.

3 Domain of Life

The top-level biological classifications encompassing Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya that represent the diversity of cellular life.

Cell Theory

A foundational biological theory developed using microscopes, consisting of three core parts regarding the cellular structure and function of living things.

Endosymbiosis Theory

The evolutionary theory describing how eukaryotic organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts originated, supported by specific cellular evidence.

Emergent Property

A property that arises at a specific level of biological organization that is not present in its individual lower-level components.

Natural Selection

The key evolutionary process identified in Charles Darwin's contribution that explains both the unity and diversity of life.

Hydrogen Bond

A weak attraction between water molecules that accounts for the special properties of water necessary to sustain life on Earth.

Polymer

A large macromolecule built from smaller repeating chemical subunits called monomers.

Carbon

An element whose atomic structure enables it to form diverse molecular structures by bonding with up to four other atoms.

Lipids Structure/ Functions

A diverse class of hydrophobic molecules that includes three distinct kinds, each fulfilling specific structural and functional roles.

Proteins Structure/ Functions

Biological macromolecules built from amino acid subunits arranged through distinct structural levels to perform a wide variety of functions.

Nucleic Acids Structure/ Functions

Macromolecules composed of nucleotide components, including DNA and RNA, that store, transmit, and help express hereditary information.

Endomembrane System

A group of membrane-bound organelles in eukaryotic cells that work together in specific roles, including the sequential pathway of protein secretion.

Cytoskeleton Types/ Functions

A network of three main types of cytoskeletal fibers, each defined by specific subunits and structures that perform distinct cellular functions.

Chemical Reaction

The process by which chemical bonds between atoms are created and broken to form new substances.

Hypothesis

A testable, proposed explanation formed by scientists to answer a question about nature, distinct from a scientific theory.

Scientific Theory

A broad, comprehensive, and well-supported explanation of natural phenomena based on extensive evidence and facts.

Dehydration Synthesis

The chemical reaction process by which polymers are assembled from monomer subunits.

Hydrolysis

The chemical reaction process by which polymers are disassembled into individual monomers.

Decent With Modification'

The evolutionary process by which species change over generations from common ancestors through inherited variations.

Levels Of Organization

The hierarchical structure of life from atoms and molecules up to organisms and body tissues, including the four primary tissue types in animals.

ALL LIVING THINGS HAVE 7 CHARACTERISTICS IN COMMON

2. THE STUDY OF LIFE REVEALS UNIFYING THEMES

o Organization (know the levels, meaning of emergent properties); Information; Energy and matter; Interactions; Evolution

3. EVOLUTION ACCOUNTS FOR THE UNITY AND DIVERSITY OF LIFE

o Explain how evolution accounts for the unity and diversity of life; what/why all life has in common; know the process of natural

selection and Darwin’s contribution

4. IN STUDYING NATURE, SCIENTISTS FORM AND TEST HYPOTHESES

o Define what science is and what is not science; know and give examples of variables; explain the difference between a

hypothesis and a scientific theory, giving examples

MATTER CONSISTS OF CHEMICAL ELEMENTS IN PURE FORM AND IN COMBINATIONS CALLED COMPOUNDS

o Describe matter, chemical elements, and chemical compounds.

2. AN ELEMENT’S PROPERTIES DEPEND ON THE STRUCTURE OF ITS ATOMS

o Use examples to illustrate how the structure of an element's atoms determines its properties.

3. THE FORMATION AND FUNCTION OF MOLECULES DEPEND ON CHEMICAL BONDING BETWEEN ATOMS

o Identify and describe the types of strong and weak chemical bonds, use examples to show how bonds affect molecular shape.

4. CHEMICAL REACTIONS MAKE AND BREAK CHEMICAL BONDS

o Describe the meaning of chemical reaction in words.

HYDROGEN BONDING GIVES WATER PROPERTIES THAT HELP MAKE LIFE POSSIBLE ON EARTH

o Identify all properties of water that are important for life, describe how they result from hydrogen bonding.

CARBON ATOMS CAN FORM DIVERSE MOLECULES BY BONDING WITH UP TO FOUR OTHER ATOMS

o Explain how the structure of the carbon atom allows it to form diverse structures.

2. MACROMOLECULES ARE POLYMERS, BUILT FROM MONOMERS

o Explain the processes by which polymers are assembled and disassembled.

. CARBOHYDRATES SERVE AS FUEL AND BUILDING MATERIAL

o Describe the structures and functions of simple and complex carbohydrates.

LIPIDS ARE A DIVERSE GROUP OF HYDROPHOBIC MOLECULES

o Describe the structures of three kinds of lipids and explain their functions.

PROTEINS INCLUDE A DIVERSITY OF STRUCTURES, RESULTING IN A WIDE RANGE OF FUNCTIONS

o List the main functions of proteins and describe the structures of amino acids and proteins.

NUCLEIC ACIDS STORE, TRANSMIT, AND HELP EXPRESS HEREDITARY INFORMATION

o Compare and contrast the structures of DNA and RNA and their component nucleotides.

MICROSCOPES LEAD TO CELL THEORY.

o Know the three parts.

COMPARE AND CONTRAST (1) PROKARYOTIC AND EUKARYOTIC CELLS AND (2) ANIMAL AND PLANT CELLS.

o know what all cells have in common, what is unique to each cell type.

DESCRIBE THE STRUCTURE OF THE NUCLEUS, CHROMOSOMES, AND RIBOSOMES, AND EXPLAIN THEIR FUNCTIONS.

4. IDENTIFY THE PARTS OF THE ENDOMEMBRANE SYSTEM AND DESCRIBE THEIR ROLES IN THE CELL.

o Know what each organelle does, know the order of protein secretion

COMPARE AND CONTRAST THE STRUCTURES AND FUNCTIONS OF MITOCHONDRIA AND CHLOROPLASTS.

o Know the evidence for endosymbiosis theory and functions of both organelles

DESCRIBE THE SUBUNITS AND STRUCTURES OF THE THREE TYPES OF CYTOSKELETAL FIBERS AND GIVE AT LEAST ONE FUNCTION OF EACH.

7. KNOW THE EXTRACELLULAR COMPONENTS OF ANIMAL CELLS AND CELL JUNCTIONS IN ANIMAL CELLS.

o Know what ECM is and function of each cell junction

IDENTIFY THE LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION WITHIN THE ANIMAL BODY, INCLUDING THE STRUCTURE AND FUNCTIONS OF THE FOUR PRIMARY TISSUE TYPES