Organic chemistry reactions and conditions

Alkene to alkane

H₂(g), Nickle catalyst, approximately 150^oC

Alkene to alcohol

H₂O (g), H₃PO₄ catalyst

Alkane to haloalkane

Halogen (X₂), UV light, heat

Haloalkane to alcohol

NaOH (aq), heat under reflux

Haloalkane to nitrile

NaCN or KCN (ethanolic), heat under reflux

Alkene to haloalkane

Hydrogen halide (HX)

Alkene to dihaloalkane

Halogen molecule (X₂)

Primary alcohol to aldehyde

Acidified dichromate ions (Cr₂O₇^2-/H⁺), heat and distil immediately

Primary alcohol to carboxylic acid

Acidified dichromate ions (Cr₂O₇^2-/H⁺), heat under reflux

Aldehyde to carboxylic acid

Acidified dichromate ions (Cr₂O₇^2-/H⁺), heat under reflux

Secondary alcohol to ketone

Acidified dichromate ions (Cr₂O₇^2-/H⁺), heat under reflux

Alcohol to haloalkane

Concentrated H₂SO₄, sodium halide (NaX), warm temperature for distillation

Alcohol to alkene

Heat, acid catalyst (H₃PO₄/H₂SO₄)

Aldehyde to primary alcohol

NaBH₄

Ketone to secondary alcohol

NaBH₄

Aldehyde/Ketone to hydroxynitrile

Acidified NaCN (normally H₂SO₄)

Carboxylic acid and alcohol to ester

Heat under reflux, concentrated H₂SO₄ catalyst

Ester to carboxylic acid and alcohol (acid hydrolysis) or carboxylate ion and alcohol (alkaline hydrolysis)

Warm, aqueous (dilute acid/alkali)

Carboxylic acid to acyl chloride

Neat (pure liquid) SOCl₂

Acyl chloride to carboxylic acid

H₂O

Acyl chloride to ester

Alcohol

Acyl chloride to primary amide

NH₃

Acyl chloride to secondary amide

Primary amide (reactant)

Benzene to halobenzene

Halogen molecule (X₂), halogen carrier (AlX₃/FeX₃)

Benzene to aromatic ketone

Acyl chloride, AlCl₃ catalyst, warm

Benzene to nitrobenzene

concentrated HNO₃ and concentrated H₂SO₄ catalyst

Benzene to alkylbenzene

Haloalkane, halogen carrier (AlX₃) catalyst, warm

Nitrile to primary amine

H₂(g), nickel catalyst (not alkene to alkane)

Nitrile to carboxylic acid

Dilute HCl, heat under reflux

Nitrobenzene to aromatic amine

Concentrated HCl and Sn catalyst

Phenol to bromophenol

Bromine water (Br₂ (aq))

Phenol to nitrophenol

Dilute nitric acid (HNO₃)