Immunology test 1

Neutrophils

A type of white blood cell that plays a crucial role in the immune response by fighting infections and engulfing pathogens through a process called phagocytosis.

Basophils/mast cells

A type of white blood cell that releases histamine and other chemicals during allergic reactions and inflammation, contributing to immune responses.

Eosinophils

A type of white blood cell primarily involved in combating multicellular parasites and certain infections, as well as participating in allergic responses.

Monocytes

A type of white blood cell that differentiates into macrophages and dendritic cells, playing a critical role in the immune system by phagocytosing pathogens and presenting antigens.

Red blood cells/erythrocytes

A type of blood cell responsible for transporting oxygen from the lungs to the body's tissues and returning carbon dioxide from the tissues to the lungs.

Megakaryocytes

Large bone marrow cells responsible for the production of platelets, which are essential for blood clotting.

Granulocytes

A type of white blood cell characterized by the presence of granules in their cytoplasm, playing a vital role in the body's immune response by attacking pathogens and mediating inflammation.

common myeloid progenitor

A type of hematopoietic stem cell that gives rise to various blood cells, including red blood cells, platelets, and several types of white blood cells.

common lymphoid progenitor

A lineage-restricted progenitor cell derived from hematopoietic stem cells in the bone marrow that generates the cells of the lymphoid lineage, including B cells, T cells, natural killer (NK) cells, and innate lymphoid cells.

Primary lymphoid organ

Bone marrow (B-cells), Thymus (T-cells)

Secondary Lymphoid Organs

Lymph nodes, spleen, MALT (Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue)

Thymus microenvironments

Thymic cortex and medulla

T-cell Receptors

binds to MHC-peptides

Tertiary Lymphoid Tissues

Site of active infection and immune activity. Generate new microenvironments that organize lymphocyte responses, common at sites of chronic infection

Bone Marrow

B lymphocytes develop in contact with stromal cells. Stromal cells facilitate HSC proliferation, direct migration, and stimulate differentiation

Lymph Nodes

B-cell and T-cell activity is separated into different microenvironments, cortex and paracortex, respectively. Macrophages and dendritic cells are found in the medulla. Antigen enters via afferent vessel. Naive lymphocytes enter by the High Endothelial Venule (HEV), lymphocytes exit via the efferent vessel.

Spleen

First line of defense against bloodborne pathogens. Red blood cells are compartmentalized in red pulp. White blood cells are segregated in white pulp. A specialized region of macrophages and B cells known as the marginal zone borders the white pulp.

MALT (Mucosa-Associated Lymphoid Tissue)

Barrier organs. Important layer of defense against infection at mucosal and epithelial layers. Organizes responses to antigens that enter mucosal tissues. Includes a network of follicles and lymphoid microenvironments associated with the intestines, GALT (gut-associated lymphoid tissue)