Theories of com, exam 1

deifne communication

a social process in which individuals use symbols to establish and interpret meaning in their environment

Action model

linear, like bowling

transactional model

interactional, like ping pong

Theory

a set of systematic informed hunches abour the way things operate

ontology

what is the nature of reality

epistemology

how does knowledge arise? how do we know

axiology

what is the role of values

methodology

what is the process of research

Ontology assumptions

objective/subjective reality

singular truth/multiple truths

patterned behavior/purposeful action

epistemological assumptions

knowable thru observation/uncovers way people understand their experience

discoverable, measureable reality/created, constructed reality

universal laws/interpretive guides

Axiological assumptions

value free/value conscious

methodological assumptions

quanitative/qualittative

Symbolic interactionism

how symbols interact with our environment and how we aquire those symbols and their meanings

Fundamental aspects of Symbolic interactionism

Mind,Self,Society,Symbols

4 Guiding principles of Symbolic interactionsim

1-we act toward things based on the meaning things have for us

2-the meanings we give things arise out of our social interactions with other people

3-the application of meaninf to the things we encounter involves an interpretive process whereby we communicate with ourselves

4-the self develops, adapts and is refined through interactions with other people

Fundamental concepts of CMM-Constitutive rules

help us know whag kind of speech act is being done

indicate what must be present to count as a particular speech act

Fundamental concepts of CMM-regulative rules

relate to action and what we believe will happen next

Fundamental concepts of CMM-coherence and coordination

coherence-making sense of our world through stories

coordination-getting our actions to fit with the actions of others

Fundamental concepts of CMM-Mystery/dialogue

there is more to effective communication than following the rules

4 claims of CMM-

1-our communication creates our social worlds

2-stories told differ from stories lived

3-we get what we make(energy we give in a relationship is what we get back)

4-get the pattern right,create better outcomes

CMM LUUUUTT model

untold stories

unheard stories

untellable stories

unknown stories

Core Concepts of Expectancy Violation Theory-expectancies

what people predict will happen, rather than what they desire

Core Concepts of Expectancy Violation Theory-Violation valance

the perceived positive or negative value assigned to a breach of expectations

Core Concepts of Expectancy Violation Theory-Communicator reward valence

what can you do for me? what can you do to me?

Core Concepts of Expectancy Violation Theory-communicator reward valence

the nature of the breach of expectation will influence the response it triggers more than the potential reward of the one who did it

communication outcomes, interpretation, prediction ans description

recirpocity-respond similarly

compensation-respond opposite

positive reward+positive behavior, reciprocate

positive reward+negative behavior, compensate

negative reward+positive behavior, compensate

negative reward+negative behavior, reciprocate

5 core principles of communication privacy management-i own my info

people believe they own and have a right to control their private information

5 core principles of communication privacy management-i control who gets access to my info

people control their private information through the use of personal privacy rules

5 core principles of communication privacy management- i share, therefore, now it is our info

disclosure creates a confidant and a Co-Owner

5 core principles of communication privacy management-if you dont follow the rules, we have a problem

when co owners of private information dont effectively negotiate and follow jointly held privacy rules, boundry turbulance is the result

Boundary turbulence

disruption of privacy management and relational trust that occurs when collective privacy boundaries arent synchronized

Privacy Boundaries

boundry owndership- rights and responsibilities that co owners of info have

boundary linkage-who else gets to know

boundary permeability-how much informatiom can flow

self disclosure

the voluntary sharing of personal history, preferences, attitudes, feelings, values ,secrets with another person

depth and breadth

depth- how deeply you talk about things

breadth-the number of things discussed

observations from social penetration theory

self disclosure is reciprocal

penetration is rapid at start but slows down as layers are reached

costs and rewards and outcomes

outcome = rewards- costs

the comparison level

expectations about the types of outcomes people think they should receive.

comparison level of alternatives

The best outcome available in other relationships

stabilty in Comparison level

likelihood of staying in the relationship

conditions to URT

anticipation of future interactions

distance from expected behavior

incentive value

types of uncertainty

partner

self

relational

reducing URT-passive strategy

observing a person interacting with others

reducing URT-active stragegy

asking a third-party about a person

reducing URT-interactive strategy

face-to-face discussion with a person

reducing URT-extractive strategy

searching the Internet for information about a person

URT Axioms

in early interactions, uncertainty can be reduced by focusing on these key variables

URT 8 Axioms-Verbal communication

as verbal interactions, increase uncertainty typically decreases

URT 8 Axioms-nonverbal warmth

positive nonverbal cues like smiling and eye contact can reduce uncertainty

URT 8 Axioms-information seeking behavior

asking questions or seeking information from others helps clarify uncertainties

URT 8 Axioms-self disclosure

more personal conversations decrease uncertainty by revealing more information about the individual

URT 8 Axioms-reciprocity

Mutual exchange of information reduces uncertainty as both parties share and learn

URT 8 Axioms-similarity

perceived similarity between individuals can reduce uncertainty as shared ideas foster understanding

URT 8 Axioms-liking

when individuals express liking it reduces uncertainty by fostering a sense of mutual approval and comfort

URT 8 Axioms-shared networks

shared networks reduce uncertainty while the lack of shared networks increases uncertainty

dialectical tension

tension between contradicting forces

Integration and separation

connection vs autonomy

inclusion vs exclusion

stability and change

certainty vs uncertainty

conventionality vs uniqueness

expression and nonexpression

openness vs closedness

revelation vs concealment

Systems theory components

hirarchal ordering

interdependence

holism(whole)

systems theory processes

input-throughput-output

feedback(com between parts)

systems theory properties

freely permits respurces it needs to pass into its system and thus can grow

must be as complex as inputs it requires from the environment in order to handle those inputs

deals with a complex environment by having multiple means to acheive its goals and not depending on any single option

Systems theory and families

Family members are interdependent

A family is more than the sum of its parts

families have systems within the larger system

Family systems are affected by their environment

organizational culture

organizational culture is the set of artifacts, values and assumptions that emerge from the interactions of organizational members

artifacts

symbols and symbolic creations, language stories, rites, and rituals

values

what the organization feels it ought to do ,what is good and worthwhile

assumptions

shared unstated, beliefs, often, unseen, unquestioned, and influential

Markers of culture

Rights, ceremonies, belief systems, metaphors, stories, communication, rules, hallway talk

Key focus of critical theory and organizations

certain societal structures and processes lead to imbalances of power

imbalances of power lead to alienation and oppression

role of theorist is to explore and uncover imbalances and bring them to attention of oppressed

ideology

accpeted/dominant norms

hegemony

subordinates accept subordination as norm

emancipation

emerging awareness of power structures/oppression

restistance

actions people take to disrupt the dominant ideology

consertive control

Control from management enters hands of subordinates, they then use that control to police themselves

identification-if you are one of us, you behave like one of us, or you’re out

discipline-Communication actions, where peers are rewarding or punishing