Week 2: Theoretical Underpinnings I - Distributive Justice

Harvey took _______’s ideas of the circuits of capital, necessary labor time, and surplus value and introduced them into geography as a way of understanding inequality and inequity/injustice in cities

Marx

Which of the 3 types of inequality did distributive justice focus on?

economic

Marx argued that workers are __________ from the products of their own labor, and/or the act of their labor, and/or other human beings

alienated

What are the 6 “facets” of the Marxist Labor Theory of Value?

value, means of production, relations of production, labor power, necessary labor time, surplus value

Marxist Labor Theory of Value

___________ - use value and exchange value (how much $$$ you could sell it for)

value

Marxist Labor Theory of Value

“In the private market system for land and housing (in which) the ______ of the housing is not always measured in terms of its ____ as shelter and residence, but in terms of the amount received in ________ ________, which may be affected by external factors such as speculation” (Harvey)

value, use, market exchange

Marxist Labor Theory of Value

___________________ - land, factories, machines, etc (NOT including the workers)

means of production

Marxist Labor Theory of Value

__________________ - people participating in the production process are either capitalists (who own the means of production) or the proletariat/working-class (who are property-less) who sell their labor power

relations of production

Marxist Labor Theory of Value

__________________ - what workers sell for a wage because they do not own the means of production

labor power

Marxist Labor Theory of Value

_________________ - time required to produce goods equal to the worker’s value (wages)

necessary labor time

Marxist Labor Theory of Value

_________________ - difference between worker’s wage and the exchange value of the goods they make (which are owned by the capitalist) (i.e. profit)

surplus value

Marxist Labor Theory of Value

Ownership of the ___________________ by capitalists and the lack of ___________ by the proletariat (working-class), allows capitalists to engage in the _____________ of workers

means of production, property, exploitation

Circuits of Capital

the _________ circuit is investment in basic commodity production (Marx’s contribution)

primary

Circuits of Capital

the __________ circuit is investment in factories, heavy machinery, and the built environment for production (roads, infrastructure, etc) and the built environment for consumption (houses, sidewalks, etc)

secondary

Circuits of Capital

the _________ circuit is investment in science, technology, and social infrastructure (e.g. education)

tertiary

Harvey focuses on the fair distribution of ________ in urban environments

resources

Harvey stated that spatial structures and social relations of the city continually interact together to produce _____________ __________

socio-spatial inequalities

Harvey stated that social (in)justice is both an outcome and process, and _____ is deeply implicated in this

space

Harvey favored a route to social change through “__________ _________” which explicitly linked theory with practice

revolutionary theory

Harvey’s Argument - if we really want to understand cities and spatial forms, let’s look for the systemic forces shaping _______, _________, and _______

production, distribution, exchange

concerned with the ‘appropriate’ distribution (i.e. allocation) of the benefits (and burdens) of resources (understood as economic wealth, economic power, material goods, opportunities) among people in a society

distributive justice

neoliberalism and neoliberalization is a phase of the capitalist ____________________

mode of production

______________ (economic) policies become widespread during the last few decades

neoliberalism

Neoliberalism and Neoliberalization

________________ is the process

neoliberalization

Neoliberalization is geographically _________ and working out on the ground in combination with other processes

uneven

Neoliberalism is not ________ as in more progressive

liberal

__________ __________ goes back to Adam Smith (1776) “Wealth of Nations” advocating for abolition of government intervention in economic matters

economic liberalism

No barriers to commerce, no tariffs, free trade, free enterprise, free competition

neoliberalism

Neoliberalism and Neoliberalization

the rule (or discretion) of the _________

market

Neoliberalism and Neoliberalization

___________ deregulation

increased

Neoliberalism and Neoliberalization

cutting public expenditure for ________ ________

social services

Neoliberalism and Neoliberalization

the ____________ of “the welfare state as a political model” (Buchanan) and “the rise of the precariat)

dismantiling

Neoliberalism and Neoliberalization

eliminating the concept of ‘the public _______’ or ‘community’ and replacing it with ‘__________ __________’ (entrepreneurial individual)

good, individual responsibility

Fordism

model of _______ production

mass

Fordism

___________ __________ increased labor productivity and sizable price cuts

assembly lines

Fordism

involved ___________ a product, manufacturing it by _____ means at low enough prices that ordinary people could afford to buy it

standardizing, mass

Fordism

In return for _______ ______, Ford wanted to intervene in workers’ homes and families - expected to live by his _____ _____

higher wages, moral code

state-managed, but industry-led transformation of society where prosperity and high corporate profits could be achieved through giving workers high wages and job security

fordism

3 aspects of Fordism:

1. _________ __________ and mass production

2. ___________ _________ based on mass production AND mass consumption

3. _____ and ______ system: government channels wealth (distributive justice) toward various groups to be sure they can consume. also enhances efficiency of workers by providing ‘welfare’ services such as housing, education, health care, and possibility of social assistance.

assembly line, economic model, social, political

The late 1960s were a time of immense social and political upheaval in North American cities. The symptoms of urban malaise included the re-discovery of __________, the persistence of _______ inequality, _____ riots, and student protests. New social movements of ___________ emerged including the resurgence of feminism, the civil rights and anti-war movements. Within academia some social scientists were going through a crisis of (social) _________ regarding their contribution (if any) to the analysis of, and solution to societal problems.

poverty, class, race, resistance, relevance

Geographers have looked beyond the boundaries of geography in their efforts to understand inequality, equity, and social justice. In the late 1960s and 1970s, the main influences focused on ____________ and __________ __________.

redistribution, distributive justice

____________ geography: “who gets what, where and how?”

welfare

__________ suggests that inequality and exploitation are necessary to the functioning of capitalism.

Marxism

As was typical of much writing of the period, Harvey’s questions of social justice were largely restricted to ______ analysis. However, Harvey did pay attention to the intersection of ____ and _____ in his prescient analysis of ________ formation and the problem of what we now call ‘________ ________’. It was through his analysis of ghetto formation that Harvey challenged human geographers to look at _________ rather than just outcomes (patterns) when addressing social problems. He argued that public policies that are designed specifically to eliminate the mechanisms will presumably eliminate the _______.

class, class, race, ghetto, spatial mismatch, processes, results

One of Harvey’s most important contributions was his thoughtful theorizing of the connections between social _________, social ________, and ________ structures, with the aim of bringing about social ________.

relations, injustices, spatial, change