MGT-475 Final Exam SDSU Young

Engagement

the commitment workers make to their employer; refers to high levels of personal investment in the tasks performed on a job; involvement, satisfaction, commitment and enthusiasm for the work

Meaningful work

the feeling of doing work that matters or makes a difference; a key driver of worker engagement;

- the opportunity to make an impact in the society, customer, workgroup, and yourself increases the meaningfulness of work

relational energy

the energy workers derive from their relationship with their leader that prompts them to become more work engaged

Expectancy Theory of Motivation

based on the premise that the amount of effort individuals expend depends on how much reward they expect to get in return

outcome (valence)

Effort (expectancy) leads to performance (instrumentality), which leads to

valence

worth or attractiveness of an outcome; has a score from -100 to 100

instrumentality

an individual's assessment of the probability that performance will lead to a certain outcome

expectancy

an individual's assessment of the probability that effort will lead to correct performance of the task

self-efficacy

the confidence in your ability to carry out a specific task

values

a desire to behave in a way that is consistent with them

stretch goal

a motivational goal because it requires considerable effort but not so difficult to attain that pursuing the goal results in frustration

learning goal orientation

improves performance more than a performance goal orientation does

powerful motivator

recognition and praise is a low, or no cost, ________

good coaches

effective leaders are ____ ____ and ____ ____ are effective motivators

executive coaching

one on one development activity contracted between a coach and a manager/leader to help achieve goals related to professional development and/or job performance; a form of coaching where a manager consults with professional coaches to work towards becoming an effective leader

pros about executive coaching

- Improved self-efficacy

- Enhanced psychological well-being

- Positive personality

cons about executive coaching

- advice could backfire because the executive coach does not know the particular work setting

- an ethical problem is that executive coaches dive into personal and emotional issues that should be reserved for a mental health professional

- leader could be too dependent on the coach

Creativity

the production of novel and useful ideas

the role of a creative leader

is to bring into existence ideas and things that did not exist previously or that existed in a different form

innovation

the creation of new ideas and their implementation or commercialization

Steps in the Creative Process

1. Opportunity or problem recognition

2. Immersion

3. Incubation

4. Insight

5. Verification and application

Opportunity or problem recognition

a person discovers that a new opportunity exists or a problem needs to be resolved

Immersion

the individual concentrates on the problem and becomes immersed in it

incubation

the person keeps the assembled information in mind for a while

insight

the problem-conquering solution flashes into the person's mind at an unexpected time

verification and application

the individual sets out to prove that the creative solution has merit

Creative leaders

- knowledge

- cognitive abilities

- personality

- passion for the task and the experience of flow

Experience of flow

an engrossing experience that makes a task worth doing for its own sake

Traditional thinking

generally refers to a standard and frequent way of finding a solution to a problem

creative thinking

looking at a problem in a new light, and transcends conventional thinking about them

brainstorming

best method for creativity improvement; works best in an organizational culture that fosters innovation

the morality of enhancing creativity

methods that help generate creative ideas, as well as leadership and managerial actions to enhance creativity, have ethical and moral consequences

A foundation step in fostering organizational creativity is to establish a vision and mission that includes creativity

true

cultural brokerage

the facilitation of interaction across parties from different cultural backgrounds

transformational

emphasize _________ leadership to best enhance innovation and creativity

Loose-tight leadership

looseness refers to granting space for new ideas and exploration, whereas tightness means finally making a choice among alternatives

Creativity Axiom

many ideas have to be tried before a commercially successful one emerges

reliance on networks of contacts

A major feature of communication by leaders is

conversation

a frank exchange of ideas and information, with an agenda specified or unspecified; face to face

peer to peer leadership network

a system of social ties with shared interests and commitments, as well as shared work; face to face

operational leadership network

designed to do an assigned task more effectively; face to face

personal networks

engage cooperative people from outside the organization to develop personally and advance; face to face

strategic networks

focus on attaining business goals directly; face to face

face to face communication networks

A network of live, interpersonal contacts is an essential method for a leader building relationships, motivating others and attaining collaboration

social media networks

An important use of social media is for the leader to build and maintain a professional network, much like being a member of LinkedIn

strength of ties perspective

explains the difference between strong and weak ties

direct ties

directly connected to a person because of a contact you developed

indirect ties

connected to a person because of a contact you developed from a friend

true

Three of the most widely used group messaging apps are Slack, Microsoft Teams and Google Workspace

over-collaboration, time wasting

Group messaging platforms can encourage

persuasion

combines words and actions to ignite people's imagination

inspirational and powerful communication characteristics

speaking and writing, nonverbal, basic principles of persuasion

speaking and writing

be credible, use high impact and provoking words, use business jargon, minimize errors, back up conclusions with data, use anecdotes, write clear and concise

nonverbal communication

good posture, good pace, loud and confident tone, smile, make eye contact, gesture in a relaxed way ,etc.

Liking

people like those who like them or who are like them

basic principles of persuasion

liking, reciprocity, social proof, consistency, authority, scarcity, pre-suasion, altercasting

reciprocity

people repay the kind

social proof

people follow the lead of similar others

consistency

people align with their clear commitments

authority

people defer to experts

scarcity

people want more of what they can have less of

pre-suasion

put people in a receptive mood before asking them for something

altercasting

you characterize another person as a certain type of person to encourage the person to behave in a desired manner

Ex. "Steve, you are good at customer service so you should be a greeter"

Listening

provides the opportunity for conversation and is a fundamental management and leadership skill

three leadership aspects of listening

- show respect by asking open ended questions

- avoid selective listening

- making the rounds (management by walking around)

Management by walking round

casually dropping by constituents to listen to their accomplishments, concerns, problems and to share information

confrontation

refers to discussing the true problem

problem solving

refers to finding a way to resolve the conflict

mediator

During the confrontation and problem solving session, the leader is placed in a ______ role of being impartial and wants both sides to come to an agreement

negotiating and bargaining

a basic leadership role; few managers have enough power to get everything they want without negotiating

7 Cs of Communication

concise

concrete

clear

correct

complete

coherent

courteous

strategy

a key leadership role; the organization's plan for achieving its vision, mission and goals

strategic leadership

the process of providing the direction and inspiration necessary to create or sustain an organization

agility

the ability to quickly reorient the organization to capitalize on valuable opportunities; relevant for knowledge management because part of organizational learning is to spot opportunities and share knowledge to facilitate spotting

development of business strategy

- planning alone does not create strategy because it can also stem from inspired thinking

- best strategy often emerges from having a grand purpose

- corporate values also influence strategy because well-managed organizations tend to develop strategy to fit what those in power think is important

the importance of strategic thinking

A central challenge of modern organizations is for leaders at all levels of the firm to think strategically, including seeing the overall picture as they go about their work

highest paid persons

Authority for the most strategic decisions is often left to the ____-______ ______ opinion

HIPPO

highest paid persons opinion

crowdsourcing

an alternative that involves the use of collective intelligence gathered from the public for accomplishing tasks, often through social media

AI

ability of a computer program or machine to think and learn in a manner that emulates human intelligence

leader/manager

Strategy and vision must also be implemented or executed by the

test and learn

a cautious yet effective approach to strategy implementation

strategic planning

encompasses those activities that ;ead to the statement of the organization's goals and objectives and their chosen strategy

SWOT analysis

a longstanding method of considering internal strengths and weaknesses as well as external opportunities and threats in a particular situation

corporate level strategy asks

What business are we in?

business level strategy asks

How do we compete?

functional level strategy asks

How do we support the business level strategy?

different types of business strategies

differentiation, cost leadership, focus or niche, high quality, imitation, strategic alliance, growth through acquisition, etc.

Knowledge Management

a concerted effort to improve how knowledge is created, delivered and applied; when done effectively, information is shared as needed and helps create a learning organization

A Learning Organization

a group of people working together to enhance their capacities to create the results they value; one that is skilled at creating, acquiring, and transferring knowledge and at modifying behavior to reflect new knowledge and insights

CKO

chief knowledge officer; facilitates organizational learning

tribal knowledge

inside knowledge about how the organization operates; baby boomers are retiring so this is becoming obselete

3 components of knowledge management

knowledge creation, knowledge dissemination and knowledge application

knowledge creation

is used to spur innovation, and solicit ideas, insights and innovation from many sources in addition to research and development staff

knowledge dissemination

through information technology is the most frequent KM activity; it allows group members access to key info and support through intranets and internal online collaboration networks

knowledge application

the process of making workers better at what they do; helps group members apply learning to their jobs through mentoring, shadowing, on the job training and workshops

just in time, or when most needed

Practical form of KM is to deliver information

servant leadership

focuses on increased service to others rather than to oneself; effective in sharing leadership responsibility, and shared leadership enhances creation of knowledge

transformational leadership

behaviors contribute significantly to encouraging workers to pursue exploratory innovation

transactional leadership

behaviors facilitate improving and extending existing knowledge and are associated with exploitative innovation (you innovate and you get something out of it)