3 Cell Structure and Function (finish adding organelles)

These flashcards cover key terms and concepts from the lecture notes on cell structure, functions of organelles, and basic biological principles.

Double strand

A structure of DNA consisting of two complementary strands.

Single strand

A structure of RNA consisting of one strand.

Uracil

A nitrogenous base found in RNA, replacing thymine found in DNA.

Prokaryotic cells

Cells that do not have membrane-bound organelles and usually have circular DNA.

Eukaryotic cells

Cells that contain membrane-bound organelles, including a nucleus.

Plant cells

Cells that have a

large central vacuole

chloroplasts

cell wall

plasmodesmata.

Animal cells

Cells that possess

lysosomes

A centrosome with centrioles

flagella

Nucleus

Holds the DNA

Nucleoli: site of RNA synthesis

Nuclear pores

Mitochondria

Organelles that perform cellular respiration to produce energy.

Chloroplast

Organelles involved in photosynthesis, converting light energy into chemical energy.

Amphipathic

Molecules that have both hydrophobic and hydrophilic parts.

Integral proteins

Proteins that through embedded membrane.

Peripheral proteins

On cytosolic surface, or ECM surface

Proteins that are found on the surface of the membrane.

Selective permeability

A property of membranes that allows certain substances to pass while blocking others.

Passive transport

The movement of molecules across a membrane without the use of ATP.

Active transport

The movement of molecules against their concentration gradient, requiring ATP.

Exocytosis

The process where vesicles release their contents to the outside of a cell by fusing with the membrane.

Endocytosis

The bulk import of substances into a cell by forming vesicles.

Fluid mosaic model

The model describing the dynamic, fluid nature of the cell membrane's structure.

Everything is constantly sliding and moving around in

the cell membrane

Diffusion

Transport down concentration gradient, doesn’t need energy

Tonicity

Water follows high solute concentration

▪ Active transport

Transport against concentration gradient, requires energy

hydrophilic

Transport utilizes vessels to transport ——— molecules

Spontaneous

—-- Requires no external energy, (-∆G)

Catabolic reaction

A type of biochemical reaction that breaks down molecules, releasing energy.

Anabolic reaction

A type of biochemical reaction that builds up molecules, consuming energy.

Entropy

A measure of disorder or randomness in a system.

Exergonic

Products have less energy than reactants (-∆G)

▪ Endergonic

Products have more energy than reactants (+∆G)

Activation energy

The minimum energy required to initiate a chemical reaction.

Allosteric regulation

Enzymes that change function in presence or absence

of a molecule at an (non active) allosteric site

Ribosome

Protein synthesis either in cytosol or rough ER

Made of rRNA and ribosomal proteins

large and small subunit

Smooth ER

synthesis of lipids

detoxification of drugs and poisons

calcium storage

Rough ER

Synthesis of secretory proteins

membrane synthesis

Golgi

Protein modification

synthesis of polysaccharides

UPS center (packing/modifying to take out of cell)

Lysosome

Breakdown of things ingested by endocytosis

breakdown old damaged and dysfunctional organelles

“Digestive n system” of the cell

Vacuole

storage of waste, waste

protection

Mitochondria

Cellular respiration

Chloroplast

Photosynthesis

Peroxisome

helps in metabolism of substances and creates hydrogen peroxide as a waste. They break that down because its toxic