Ch 16 Lecture review

What do virtually all amino acid-based hormones exert their signaling through?

Intracellular second messengers.

Hormones are:

Chemical messengers produced by glands and secreted into the bloodstream.

How do hormones travel?

Through the bloodstream.

Which organs produce hormones that promote female secondary sexual characteristics at puberty (excluding ovaries)?

The adrenal glands.

What hormones are produced by the hypothalamus?

Releasing hormones and inhibitory hormones.

What organ produces hormones involved in electrolyte balance and stress response?

The adrenal glands.

What organ initiates the immune response in early development?

The thymus.

Examples of positive feedback hormones?

Oxytocin during childbirth.

Examples of negative feedback hormones?

Insulin and glucagon.

Why are receptors needed on a specific target tissue or organ?

Receptors allow for specific binding of hormones, enabling hormonal effects.

How does a steroid hormone enter a cell?

By diffusing through the cell membrane; they effect gene transcription.

Define a tropic hormone.

A hormone that stimulates other glands to release their hormones.

Growth hormone targets?

Body tissues and stimulates growth.

Calcium levels are increased by?

Parathyroid hormone (PTH) from the parathyroid glands.

Calcium levels are decreased by?

Calcitonin from the thyroid gland.

What is the hypophyseal portal system?

A system of blood vessels that connect the hypothalamus to the pituitary gland, allowing hormones to move directly between them.

What hormone is released by the parathyroid and what is its function?

Parathyroid hormone; it raises blood calcium levels.

What causes Graves disease?

Overproduction of thyroid hormones due to autoimmune factors.

Which organ synthesizes atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and its function?

The heart; it regulates blood pressure and fluid balance.

What is the most important mineralocorticoid regulator of electrolyte concentrations?

Aldosterone.

What is the function of aldosterone, and which organ synthesizes it?

Regulates sodium and potassium levels; synthesized by the adrenal glands.

Which hormones from the hypothalamus regulate aldosterone? How?

CRH and ACTH; they stimulate the adrenal cortex to release aldosterone.

Which hormone from the pituitary gland regulates aldosterone? How?

ACTH; it stimulates the adrenal cortex.

Other than glands, what other organs produce hormones?

The heart, kidneys, and gastrointestinal tract.

What is the function of glucagon? Where is it made? How does it affect glucose levels?

It raises blood glucose levels; produced in the pancreas.

Which hormone regulates sleep cycles?

Melatonin.

Which organ produces hormones that regulate glucose?

The pancreas.

Which organ makes metabolic hormones?

The liver.

What are the causes of Diabetes Mellitus?

Impaired insulin secretion or action.

What hormone is produced by the alpha cells of pancreas? Does it increase or decrease blood glucose?

Glucagon; it increases blood glucose.

What hormone is produced by the beta cells of the pancreas? Does it increase or decrease blood glucose?

Insulin; it decreases blood glucose.

Define glycogenolysis.

The process of breaking down glycogen into glucose.

Define gluconeogenesis.

The synthesis of glucose from non-carbohydrate sources.

Which hormone should be released immediately after you eat?

Insulin.

Which hormone should be released between meals or when you have not eaten?

Glucagon.

What causes Addison's disease?

Insufficient production of cortisol due to adrenal insufficiency.

What are the three cardinal signs of Diabetes Mellitus?

Polyuria, polydipsia, and polyphagia.

What hormone does your skin produce?

Vitamin D.

Which organ makes leptin? Function?

Adipose tissue; it regulates energy balance and suppresses appetite.

What hormones are produced in your gastrointestinal tract (GI)? Function?

Gastrin, secretin; they regulate digestion.

Which hormone suppresses appetite and increases energy expenditure?

Leptin.

What is EPO? Where is it made?

Erythropoietin; produced by the kidneys to stimulate red blood cell production.