MJ Exam 1 - Micro Online Portion

What are the five stages of infectious diseases?

1. Incubation period - between infxn and 1st signs

2. Prodromal period - short period of generalized symptoms

3. Illness - most severe

4. Decline - immune response/tx vanquishes pathogens

5. Convalescence - patient recovers

What are the 6 top microbial bioterrorist threats?

1. Smallpox

2. Anthrax

3. Plague

4. Botulism

5. tularemia

6. Viral hemorrhagic fevers (ebola, etc)

What do gram positive bacteria names end with?

-us or -um

What do gram negative bacterial names end with?

-a or -er

What is the exception to the gram + naming?

Listeria

What are the exceptions to the gram negative names?

Haemophilus

Proteus

Pseudomonas

Vibrio

Mysoses are diseases caused by what?

Fungi

How do mycoses spread from lungs to CNS?

via blood

What are the three MC types of meningitis?

1. Virus

2. Bacterial

3. Fungal

What are the most severe types of meningitis?

1. Bacterial

2. Fungal

3. Viral

What microbiotia remain part of normal microbiota of a person for life?

Resident microbiotia

What microbiota remain in body for a few hours, days, months before disappearing?

Transient microbiota

What are axenic sites in the body?

Alveoli of lungs

CNS

Circulatory system

Upper urogenital regions

Uterus

What is a habitat in which an organism normally lives, grows, and multiplies?

Reservoir

What are the three types of reservoirs?

Animal

Human

Nonliving

What are diseases naturally spread from animal host to humans?

Zoonoses

T/F: Humans are usually the dead-end host.

True

What is the name for an infected individual who is asymptomatic but infective to others?

Human carrier

What is the difference between isolation and quarantine?

Isolation: separate and restrict ill persons

Quarantine: separate and restrict well persons who may have been exposed

What are some nonliving reservoirs?

Soil, water, food

What are the three major portals of entry into the body?

1. Skin

2. Mucous membranes

3. Placenta

What is the MC site of entry?

Respiratory tract

What pathogens can cross the placenta?

Toxoplasmosis

Syphilis

Listeriosis

Cytomegalovirus

Erythema infectiosum

AIDS
German Measles

What is the parenteral route?

portal of entry can be bypassed

pathogens deposited directly into tissues under skin or mucous membranes

What does -emia mean?

pertaining to blood

What does 'septi-’ mean?

Rotting

presence of pathogens

What does ‘terato’ mean?

Defects

What is the term for degree of pathogenicity?

Virulence

What is another word for disease?

Morbidity

What are some examples of virulence factors?

Adhesion factors/biofilms

Extracellular enzymes

Toxins

Antiphagocytic factors

What are toxins?

Chemicals that harm tissues/trigger immune responses that cause damage

What are exotoxins?

cytotoxins

neurotoxins

enterotoxins

What is an endotoxin?

Lipid A - gram negative

What are the portals of exit?

Bodily secretions

Blood

Vaginal secretions / semen

Breastmilk

Bodily wastes

What is an inanimate object involved in indirect transmission?

Fomite

What is a vector?

Arthropod that transmit pathogens

What vectors passively carry the pathogen only?

Mechanical vector

What is a vector that serves as a host for the pathogen?

Biological vector

What is the most important and MC vector?

Mosquitoes

What is the most important arachnid vector?

Tick

What is the difference between incidence?

Incidence: number of new cases - RISK

Prevalence: number of total cases - CHRONICITY

What is CFR?

fatalities / number of confirmed cases

What is crude mortality rate? AKA Population fatality rate

fatalities / total population

What is an iatrogenic infection?

results from modern medical procedures

What are the three types of nosocomial infections?

1. Exogenous

2. Endogenous

3. Iatrogenic

What is a healthcare-acquired infection?

Nosocomial infections

What is the most effective way to reduce nosocomial infection?

Hand washing

Who is the father of microbiology?

Louis Pasteur

Who is responsible for the idea of handwashing?

Semmelweis

Who is responsible for the idea of antiseptic techniques?

Lister

Who is responsible for the idea of infection control and epidemiology?

• Cholera

Snow

Who is responsible for the idea of the smallpox vaccine and immunology?

Jenner

What is the main difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes?

Prokaryotes - no nucleus

Eukaryotes - nucleus

What bacteria has a cell wall, thick layer of peptidoglycan, and appear purple after gram stain?

Gram positive

What bacteria has a cell wall, thin layer of peptidoglycan, membrane contains Lipid A, appears magenta/red after gram stain?

Gram -

What is Lipid A?

Potent endotoxin

What kind of bacteria has a cell wall, contains waxy mycolic acid?

Acid-fast / Mycobacterium

What kind of bacteria has NO cell wall, distinct ‘fried egg’ appearance, and colonize osmotically protected habitats?

Mycoplasma

What is an inclusio?

Reserve deposits of chemicals

What genus produce endospores?

Bacillus and clostridium

What kind of ribosomes are in the mitochodnria and chlrooplasts?

70S - target of antimicrobial drugs

What is the purpose of staining?

increase contrast AND resolution

What are the differential stains?

Gram, acid-fast, and endospore

What makes up the acid-fast stain?

Carbol fuchsin and methylene blue

What makes up the endospore stain?

Malachite green and safranin

What are the three domains?

Eukarya, Bacteria, Archaea

Who is the father of taxonomy?

Carl Woese

Who is the father of taxonomy?

Linnaeus

What is an aggregation of cells arising from a single parent cell?

Colony

What is a collection of microbes in a complex community?

Biofilm

What is the most important factor affecting microorganism growth?

Temperature

What are the requirements for growth?

1. Oxygen

2. Temperature

3. pH

4. Moisture

5. Osmotic pressure

6. Light

7. Food

T/F: Most pathogens are killed by direct sunlight.

True

What bacteria use light as an energy source?

Green and purple pigmented bacteria

What is a sample of bacteria?

Inoculum

What is a collection of nutrients?

Medium

What are the microorganisms that grow from an inoculum?

Culture

What are cultures that are visible on the surface of solid media?

Colonies

What kind of media contain substances that favor or inhibit the growth of particular organisms?

Selective media

What media inhibits bacteria and selects for fungi?

Sabouraud dextrose agar

What kind of media involves the presence of visible changes in media or differences in appearances of colonies help differentiate organisms?

Differential media

What differential media separates different Streptococcus organisms?

Blood agar

What media is both selective and differential?

MacConkey agar

What does MacConkey differentate and select for?

Differentiate between types of Gram (-)

Select for gram (-)

What is a small molecule of extra-chromosomal DNA that replicate DNA?

Plasmid/factor

What plasmid carries instructions for conjugation?

Fertility factors

What plasmid carries resistance to antibiotics?

Resistance

What plasmid carries genes for toxins that can kill its competitors?

Bacteriocin factors

What plasmids carry instructions that enable bacterium to become pathogenic?

Virulence factors

What are the three types of horizontal gene transfer?

1. Transformation

2. Transduction

3. Bacterial conjugation

What kind of horizontal gene transfer involves a recipient cell taking up DNA from envrionment?

Transformation

What is the name of a cell that take up DNA?

Competent

What kind of horizontal gene transfer involves the transfer of DNA from one cell to another via a replicating virus?

Transduction

What is the name of a replicating virus?

Transducing phage

What is the name of a virus that attacks bacteria?

Bacteriophage

What kind of horizontal gene transfer involves transfer of DNA from one cell to another, mediated by conjugation pili?

Conjugation

What is required of the donor and recipient cells in conjugation?

Donor: require F plasmid

Recipient: lack F plasmid

Antibiotic resistance is the direct result of what?

Conjugation