BIO TEST #3 ENERG DRINKS

BIO 101 DELGADO

What are the different types of energy related to cell functions?

The different types of energy related to cell functions include chemical energy, mechanical energy, and solar energy.

How is energy lost and utilized by cells and their organelles?

Energy is lost by heat during cell respiration; mitochondria uses the lost energy in the electron transport chain to generate ATP (a molecule that stores and provides energy for cells in all living things).

Where is the energy of an organic molecule stored?

Chemical bonds.

How are energy, ATP, and entropy related to cell function?

In cell function, energy is taken from food sources and converted into a more usable form of energy called ATP (used to power all cellular processes) while entropy naturally increases within a cell and requires a constant input of ATP to maintain order.

How does energy flow between the sun to plants, animals, and decomposers?

Plants: Photosynthesis

animals: Consumption

Decomposers: Organic matter

How do organic molecules provide energy to living organisms?

By storing chemical energy within their bonds.

What does the term organic mean (as it relates to chemistry of life)?

The term organic, in the chemistry of life, refers to molecules containing carbon-hydrogen bonds

How do functional groups impact the function of a molecule

By determining its chemical reactivity and properties.

How do the prefixes mono- and poly- apply to organic molecules?

Mono- indicates a single unit or building block called a monomer, while poly- signifies a molecule composed of many repeating units (monomers) linked together, forming a larger molecule called a polymer.

Larger more complex molecules are formed by this reaction which releases what molecule?

Water (H2O)

To lysis polymers requires what polar molecules and what are the resulting products?

Requires water molecules in a process called hydrolysis. The resulting products are the monomers that make up the polymer.

What are 4 classes of biomolecules

Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids

What are the unique characteristics of the monomers and polymers of the 4 classes of biomolecules?

Monomers, proteins are composed of amino acids, nucleic acids are built of nucleotides, and lipids are formed of fatty acid chains and glycerol molecules.

In what ways do simple sugars provide energy to cells?

Cellular respiration.

How can those molecules also be used for structure and storage?

By forming complex carbohydrates like starch and glycogen when linked together in a long chain

What are the functions of lipids within the body?

Energy storage, insulation, and forming cell membranes.

How is the function of a protein related to its structure and monomer

composition?

Have the potential to generate complex 3 dimensional shapes.

What are the key organs that are involved in the processing of energy nutrients?

Stomach, small intestine, liver, and pancreas.

How would you interpret the saying, "You are what you eat?" in biology class?

The body takes nutrients from what we eat and convert some components into energy, and uses others to build and repair cells, tissues, and organs.

What are the two types of digestion that take place in the body and which organs are associated with each?

Chemical digestion (stomach and small intestine)

Mechanical digestion (mouth and stomach)

What is the primary role of accessory organs in digestion?

To produce and secrete enzymes and other substances that aid in the breakdown of food.

How are enzymes important to digestive chemical reactions? Give at least one example

They speed up these reactions.

What is an enzyme?

A protein that acts as a biological catalyst, speeding up chemical reactions in the body.

How do enzymes impact the energy required for a reaction to occur?

By reducing the activation energy, it increases the rate of reaction.

In what ways is enzyme function influenced and regulated?

Temperature, PH, and the presence of inhibitors or acti

If an enzyme is not functioning or formed properly how will this influence the ability of the organism to get energy from food?

If enzyme is not functioning properly the body will not be able to extract energy from food. It will speed up the activation energy and slow down the rate of reaction.

How is the biomolecule carbohydrates digested for use by the cells?

(in the mouth with salivary amylase breaking down starches into

smaller sugars, then continues in the small intestine with pancreatic amylase further breaking them down into disaccharides like sucrose and lactose; these are then broken down by specific enzymes (sucrase, lactase) into monosaccharides (glucose, fructose, galactose) which can be absorbed by cells).

How is the biomolecule lipids digested for use by the cells?

Lipids are digested primarily in the small intestine, where bile salts emulsify fats, followed by pancreatic lipase breaking them down into fatty acids and glycerol, which can then be absorbed by the cells.

How is the biomolecule proteins digested for use by the cells?

Proteins are digested in the stomach and small intestine, where stomach acid and enzymes like pepsin break them down into smaller peptides, then further digested by pancreatic enzymes into amino acids that can be absorbed by the cells.

How is the biomolecule nucleic acids digested for use by the cells?

Nucleic acids are digested in the small intestine by nucleases, which break them down into nucleotides. These nucleotides are then further processed by nucleotidases and nucleosidases into nitrogenous bases, sugars, and phosphate groups, which can be absorbed by the cells.

what are the four biomolecules

Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids

What organelles, biomolecules, and compounds are related to energy processing in cells? Summarize their roles.

Mitochondria: Cell’s powerhouse, produces ATP

Chloroplasts: Photosynthesis site in plants.

ATP: Cell’s energy currency

Glucose: Main source for ATP

Lipids & Proteins: Alternative ATP sources

What is the role of mitochondria in the cell?

Produce ATP through cellular respiration and also support cell growth, death, and signaling.

How are mitochondria related to the bodily functions of eating and breathing

Uses the oxygen from the air, and the glucose from the food we eat, to produce the energy of the cell

What is the endosymbiotic theory?

Theory that eukaryotic organelles such as mitochondria and chloroplasts from ancient free living prokaryotes invaded primitive eukaryotic cells.

Compare and contrast the organelles found in prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells.

Prokaryotic cells: Lack of nucleus and organelles, includes bacteria

Eukaryotic cells: Are cells that contain membrane bound nucleus organelles (animals, plants, fungi)

What features of the molecules that make up the plasma membrane enable it to regulate movement of materials into and out of the cell?

Phospholipid bilayer, with hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails. This structure allows it to regulate the movement of substances in and out of the cell.

Summarize the methods by which cells move material in without expending energy

Passive transport- Cells can move materials in without expending energy through passive transport processes like diffusion, osmosis, and facilitated diffusion.

Why must active transport processes be used to move against the concentration gradient or to move larger molecules into or out of the cell

it requires energy, usually in the form of ATP.

What types of processes are needed to move large molecules into or out of the cell

Endocytosis and exocytosis

Where is the chemical energy of food molecules found and what process creates the energy form that cells use?

In their bonds; cellular respiration: mitochondria breaks down these molecules to produce ATP

What process of cell respiration takes place in the mitochondria and what molecule is split

Citric acid cycle (or krebs cycle) glucose is split into carbon dioxide.

How does the output of glycolysis need to be changed to enter the

mitochondria?

The output of glycolysis, pyruvate, must be converted in Acetyl CoA.

The citric acid cycle does not produce very many ATP; what other key molecules are released?

NADH & FADH2

Why is it important to collect all the electrons from the digestion of glucose and where do they go?

Because they carry energy. They are transported to the electron transport chain in the mitochondria.

What molecule finally accepts the spent hydrogen electrons and transports them out of the mitochondria?

Hydrogen electrons are finally accepted by oxygen, which then combines with hydrogen to form water.

How does the electron transport chain convert energy and produce ATP?

Uses the energy from electrons to pump protons across the mitochondria membrane, creating a gradient.

Is energy still produced if oxygen is not present and only glycolysis can occur

No, without oxygen, only glycolysis can occur, producing a small amount of ATP. This is called anaerobic respiration or fermentation.

Suppose you are on a diet that restricts eating carbohydrates and sugars. How does your body utilize proteins and lipids to generate ATP

Body uses proteins and lipids to generate more ATP because it has less from the main energy source. Can result in ketone production.

Explain what is meant by the term energy drink.

Drinks that do not use carbohydrates for energy but rather use ingredients that are known to speed up the metabolism pathways in our body associated with energy.

What are some reasons that people consume energy drinks, and do they provide cellular energy

To boost alertness, mood, performance, or simply for taste. These drinks don’t actually provide cellular energy; the boost comes from caffeine and other stimulating ingredients.

How is the term "energy" misrepresented by drink marketers?

Marketed to increase energy levels, increase mental awareness, and reduce muscle fatigue.

How could the molecules needed for cellular respiration be impacted by the ingredients in an energy drink? Refer to the table in the reading for the ingredients list

High levels of caffeine can inhibit certain enzymes involved in cellular respiration, potentially disrupting the process.

How do vitamins and coenzymes impact biological reactions, particularly of digestion?

Vitamins act as hormones and antioxidants; coenzymes interact with enzymes by enabling the reaction to occur or by making the interaction between the enzyme and the substrate more efficient.

What is a vitamin

Vitamins are any of a group of organic compounds that are essential for normal growth and nutrition and are required in small quantities in the diet.

If vitamins do not provide energy for cells how can they impact cellular energy production?

They act as coenzymes in various metabolic reactions .

How is the rate of a reaction impacted by a coenzyme?

Coenzymes make the interaction between the enzyme and substrate more efficient.

How would a deficiency in B vitamins impact the mitochondria's ability to produce ATP

A deficiency could slow down this process, leading to lower energy levels.

What are some physiological effects of ingesting caffeine

Increased heart rate, increased blood pressure, increased alertness, and sometimes anxiety and restlessness.

Where does caffeine naturally come from and how is the molecule unique?

A defensive mechanism to prevent insects and animals from eating the leaves of their organ plants; both water and fat soluble.

How does caffeine influence the rate of metabolism?

Increases the amount of energy generated by the body to maintain functions such as body temperature, etc

Why would drinking a cup of coffee or a soda after dinner impact your ability to fall asleep that evening?

Theres an interference with adenosine, which increases drowsiness, and an activation of other neurotransmitters such as adrenaline.

By analyzing the ingredients in an energy drink, which ingredients do think provide energy to cells

Primarily the sugars. These can be broken down during cellular respiration to produce ATP.

How do the ingredients in an energy drink interact with the process of cell respiration?

Caffeine can inhibit certain enzymes involved in cellular respiration, potentially disrupting the process.

If energy drinks contain virtually no carbohydrates why do they claim to provide energy

They contain stimulants like caffeine that can increase alertness and perceived energy levels.

Which product will give you an energy boost to stay awake in your afternoon biology class—the 5-hour ENERGY drink or a can of regular caffeinated soda?

Both