Foundation of Nutrition - Exam 2 Fat Soluble

ADEK

what are the fat soluble vitamins

liver and adipose

where are fat soluble vitamins stored

daily intake

what type of intake must be done for water-soluble vitamins

preformed

what type of vitamin a is from animal products

retinol, retinal, retinoic acid

what are the three types of preformed vitamin a

retinol

what type of vitamin a is for reproduction and growth

retinal

what type of vitamin a is for vision

retinoic acid

what type of vitamin a is for cell differentiation

proformed (carotenoids)

what type of vitamin a is from plant products

lutein and xeanxanthin

what are 2 types of carotenoids that are antioxidants found to protect the eye from UV-induced eye damage

increase

with proformed vitamin A the absorption does what when they are cooked

passive diffusion

what type of diffusion occurs in the duodenum and the jejunum for vitamin a

ARAT and LRAT

what are the two

(crbp-retinol, lrat) CRBP-retinal

what turns retinol into retinoic acid

protein and zinc

what is used to convert retinol into RBP-retinol

900

what is the RDA for men for vitamin a

700

what is the RDA for women for vitamin a

beef liver, sweet potato, spinach

what is the food source of vitamin a

fatty malabsorption

what is the secondary cause of vitamin a deficiencies

premature infants and cystic fibrosis

what are the populations at risk for a vitamin a deficiency

depressed immune system, follicular hyperkeratosis

what are the two major signs of deficiency symptoms

night blindness, xerosis, xerophthalmia and bitot spots

what are the vision issues that come with vitamin a deficiency

preformed (toxicity)

what type of vitamin a toxicity occurs with hyperkeratinosis

teratogenic

what can occur with infants if there is vitamin a toxicity

cholecalciferol

what is the vitamin d animal form

ergocalciferol

what is the plant form a vitamin d

gene expression, increase absorption with the small intestine, increase renal absorption and decrease inflammation

what are the functions of vitamin D

PTH

low blood calcium causes what to be released from the parathyroid gland

hydroxylase

PTH induces what to occur in the kidneys when blood calcium is low

calcitriol

what does hydroxylase activate

calcium binding proteins

calcitriol stimulates the synthesis of what

25-hydroxyvitamin D

what is the best biomarker for assessment

cod liver, trout, salmon and mushrooms

what are the major sources of vitamin D

rickets

what is a vitamin D deficiency in children

osteomalacia

what is the vitamin D deficiency in adults that causes soft and spongy bones

breast fed infants and fatty malabsorption

what are the risks for a vitamin D deficiency

kidney, lung and heart

what can calcify due to a toxicity of vitamin D

alphatocopheral

what is the other name of vitamin E

antioxidants in plasma membrane

what is the function of vitamin E because it donates H to free radicals

C

what vitamin is the key to E

protein kinase C

what does vitamin E inhibit

blood thinner

vitamin E does what to the blood due to the increase prostacyclin production resulting in vasodilation and inhibition of platelet aggregation

vegan and pregnant/lactating women

who is at risk for a vitamin E deficiency

400

how many milligrams are given to prevent migraines

hemolytic anemia

what happens in infants when there is hypovitaminosis E

vitamin K

supplementation of vitamin E can result in inhibition of what other vitamin

phylloquinone

what is vitamin K found in green plants and is the major of vitamin K

menaquinone

what is the vitamin K made by bacteria

carboxylglutamates (calcium binding sites)

what is vitamin K a coenzyme for

clotting and bone production

what is vitamin K's major functions

VII, IX and X

what stages is vitamin K needed for in clotting production

broccoli, dark green and leafy greens

what are the sources of phylloquinone

natto, meat, dairy, eggs

what are the sources of menaquinones

new borns, fat malabsorption, prolonged use of antibiotics

who is at risk for vitamin K deficiency

increased bleeding, poor bone growth

what are the symptoms of a vitamin K deficiency

no

are there any toxicity for vitamin k

ascorbic acid

what is the reduced form of vitamin C

connective tissue, metabolism of folate and tryptophan, absorption of non-heme iron

what is vitamin c required for

iron

what mineral is needed to turn proline or lysin into the hydroxylated forms

90, 75 +35

what is the RDA for men, women and smokers for vitamin C

bell peppers, citrus, broccoli

what are the sources of vitamin C

100

when do cells become saturated for bioavailability

oral

what maximally raises serum levels in small amounts and can cause osmotic diarrhea

oxygen, heat and basic pH

what makes vitamin Ce unstabel

water

vitamin C is easily extracted in water

hemorrhagic signs, hyperkeratosis (of hair follicles), hypochondriasis, hematologic

what are the 4Hs of scurvy

corkscrew hairs and bleeding gums

what are signs of a scurvy deficiency

kidney disease and impaired iron metabolism

what can high doses of vitamin C cause

nonheme

what type of iron absorption is vitamin C involved in