AP Psych All Terms (Mr Senor P Edition)

psychology

psychology

the scientific study of the human mind and its functions, especially those affecting behavior and mental processes of individuals

Serial Positioning Effect

Primacy and Recency

Primacy Effect

remember the things at the beginning of the list

recency

remember things at the end of the list

Self reference effect

people remember things that are relevant and related to them

george miller

7 ± 2

schema

organizing mental folder

memory

persistence of learning over time

visual encoding

encoding of images

acoustic encoding

encoding of sound

semantic encoding

the encoding of meaning

retrieval cues

somehting to remember or pull out a memory

tip of the tongue phenomenon

failure to retrieve a word from memory

context retrieval cue

setting in which the memory was encoded (external)

mood retrieval cue

remember memories that are consistant with one’s mood (internal)

state-dependent retrieval cue

in one state of mind when making the memory, in the same state of mind it is easier to rememeber

Retrospective memory

memory of anything in the past

explicit

declarative

semantic memory

meaning / facts

episodic memory

unique personal experiences that occur in daily life

flashbulb memory

highly detailed truamatic memories

prospective memory

memory of how you plan to do things

Ebbinghaus

Forgetting curve

spacing effect / distributed practice

practice over time helps remember material better

long term memory

limitless, for knowledge, skills, experiences

working memory

phonological loop and visuo-spacitial sketch pad

automatic processing

done passively, space, time, and frequency

dual processing

conscious and unconscious processing go together

parallel processing

noticing multiple aspects of an object, color, motion, shape, depth

Proactive Interference

old interferes with new

Retroactive Interference

new interferes with old

Elizabeth Loftus

misinformation effect

misinformation effect

taking misleading details and putting it in ones memory

framing

changing the way people react to a choice by changing how its presented

anterograde amnesia

inability to form new memories

retrograde amnesia

inability to access old memories

source amnesia

people remember a story but not from where

hindsight bias

after the outcome thinking it was obvious

metacognition

knowing what we know and knowing what we dont know

expectancy effect

a form of reactivity that occurs when a research subject or patient expects a given result and therefore unconsiously affects the outcome

blind procedure

the research participants dont know the expected outcome

experimenter bias

a process where the scientists know the outcome and therefore bias

double blind procedure

the researcher and the participants are both blind

placebo effect

fake treatment

availability heuristic

immediate examples that come to mind

representativeness heuristic

judging a situation based on how similar the aspects are to the prototypes

confirmation bias

looking for information to confirm the belief and ignore information thats contradictory

confabulation

memory disturbance bc of distorted or misinterpreted memory unconsiously

confederate

appears to be a participant but is an actor

Wilhelm Wundt

school of structuralism

Structuralism

the study of elements of consciousness

Edward B. Titchener

student of Wilhelm, structuralism

naturalistic observation

◦ watch subjects in their natural environment

◦ DO NOT manipulate the environment

◦ not an experiment, no cause and effect

Hawthorne effect (observer effect)

knowing they are being observed, the behavior of the subjects is altered

case study

in-depth study of one of a few subjects

positive correlation

variables go in the SAME direction

negative correlation

variables go in the OPPOSITE direction

illusory correlation

perception of a relationship when no actual relationship exists

APA ethical guidelines

informed consent, confidentiality, protection from harm and discomfort, debrief afterwards, right to withdraw

animal ethical guidelines

clear purpose, treated humanely, acquire animals legally, least amount of suffering possible

Seven perspectives

Behavior, psychodynamic, biological, socio-cultural, evolutionary, cognitive, humanistic

Behavior perspective

People do and don’t do things based on whether they will receive some kind of reward or punishment.

Psychoanalytic / Psychodynamic perspective

Our behavior is controlled by our unconscious mind that is a product of primitive ideas and traumatic childhood experiences.

Biological

Our behavior is controlled by hormones, genes, and neurotransmitters.

social-cultural perspective

Behavior is influenced by societal norms and other cultural factors.

Evolutionary perspective

Every action is what's best for survival.

Cognitive Perspective

People act depending on how they analyze or what they make of a situation.

humanistic approach

People choose their own path and behave how they choose to.

Albert Bandura

Bobo Doll Study, Social Learning Theory

Situational Attribution

its because of the situation one is in

Dispositional Attribution

its because of how a person is by nature

Fundamental Attribution Error (fae)

overestimate the role of dispositional factors and underestimate situational factors

Actor-observer bias

the tendency to attribute our own behavior to situational causes but that of others to internal ones

Self-serving bias

perceiving ourselves favorably

third person

the belief that others are more easily influenced than you

Central Route persuasion

interested people focus on the content of the message by analyzing the message and agreeing with the central theme of the argument (related to the actual argument)

peripheral route persuasion

based on other cues besides the strength of the arguments or ideas in the message

foot-in-the-door

get them to agree to a small thing before asking for a bigger thing

door-in-the-face

ask for something big so that they are most likely to comply with a smaller request

norms of reciprocity

people help others when they have been helped

normative social influence

desire to gain approval in order to be accepted by a group

informational social influence

willingness to accept others’ versions of reality

false consensus effect

when you believe something you overestimate how many people agree with you

cognitive dissonance

mental discomfort that results from holding two contradictory beings. We change our beliefs to match our behaviors

automatic mimicry

unconsciously mirror or mimicking postures, mannerisms, facial expressions, and other behaviors to match the people we are with

Soloman Asch

Conformity line test

Strengthening conformity:

the group is unanimous

participant feels insecure or incompetent

group is at least three people

one admires the group’s status

one had made no prior commitment to a previous answer

know that they will be observed

culture values respect for social standards

Stanley Milgram

shocking the actor if they get an answer wrong, obedience

obedience varies with:

proximity of authority figure

respect for authority (lab coat or not)

association with prestigious university (yale vs community college)

depersonalization of “student” (named or not)

role models of disobedience

social loafing

in a group people put in less work

social facilitation

if you are good at something, you will be better at it in front of a crowd

social impairment

if you aren’t good at a task, you struggle with it more in front of a group

group think

group members suppress their reservations or ideas because they are concerned about group harmony

pluralistic ignorance

a phenomenon which occurs when people mistakenly believe that everyone else holds a different opinion than their own

deindividuation

losing a sense of self in a group

Stereotype

a generalized belief about a group

prejudice

an unjustifiable and usually negative attitude towards a group

ingroup

common identity “us”

outgroup

different or apart from our group “them”