acids, bases and introduction to organic rxns / stereochemistry isomers

charge

more negatively charged species are typically more basic, and more positively charged species are typically more acidic

atom

the larger and/or more electronegative the atom with a negative charge, the more stable it is

resonance

stabilization

dipole induction

Electrons withdrawing groups near the atom that has the negative charge stabilize the ion/molecule

orbitals

A pair of electrons is more stable as follows: sp > sp² > sp³

nucleophile

electron pair donors

electrophile

electron pair acceptors

carbocation stability

3 > 2 > 1 > Me

radical stability

3 > 2 > 1 > Me

Carbanion stability

Me > 1 > 2 > 3

chiral

compounds have non-superimposable (non-identical) mirror images

optically active as they rotate plane-polarized light

enantiomers

mirror images and optically active

have the same physical properties

achiral

compounds are superimposable (identical) with their mirror images

racemic mixture

is a 50/50 mixture of enantiomers and is optically inactive

meso compounds

are achiral but have chiral centers

diastereomers

are non-superimposable (non-identical) non-mirror images

have different physical properties

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