Physiological Psychology

Review

What does a subclavian artery branch off into?

Two Vertebral Arteries

What is the primary branch of the Aorta?

Internal Carotid

What is the Circle of Willis?

 Natural point of redundancy in the brain, working as a backup system for circulation in case of blockages or ruptures.

What do the Vertebral Arteries flow into?

Basilar

Chat GPT took an IQ test, what was its score?

155

Name three jobs AI puts at risk.

Radiologist

Neuropsychologist

Fast-Food Workers

What is the race to the bottom of the brainstem?

  Race for attention by organizations, who cannot hold your attention but predict your interests the best based off your data- race for dopamine.

Where are the subarachnoid arteries located?

Top of the brain

What happens if you have a bad injury to the middle left cerebral artery?

Global Aphasia

What are the two branches of the aortic arch?

Carotid and Subclavian

What is a CVA?

Cereberal Vascular Accident

What is a typical benign tumor?

Meningiomas

Name three types of Alzheimer’s medications.

Aricept

Namenda

Exelon

Name three diagnostic bell ringers for Alzheimer’s.

Short-Term Memory

Confrontation Naming- naming objects

Divided Attention- ability to switch between tasks

What is a small Vessel Ischemia?

Damage/blockage to tiny arteries in the brain, that eventually cause cognitive damage/delay- if severe enough causes vascular dementia- aka lacunar infarcts.

What is Alzheimer’s often referred to as today?

Type 3 Diabetes- damage caused by inflammation

What are the three W’s?

Who, What, and Where

What four ways does trauma change the brain?

Hippocampus

Prefrontal Cortex

Amygdala

Broader Nervous System

(Negative feedback loop)

What is a contrecoup?

Secondary injury in concussion, brain smacks back and hits skull

What age is early onset Dementia?

Under sixty-five years-old

What does TIA stand for?

Transient Ischemic Attack

What is visual tracking? Why is it important?

(Aka Divided Attention) is ability to stay oriented when switching between tasks (multitasking)

Define CVA and TIA, contrast them.

CVA- Cerebral Vascular Accident: Stroke, restriction of blood flow to area of the brain causing severe damage.

TIA- Transient Ischemic Attack: Minor/temporary stroke, temporary blockage in blood vessels causing temporary loss of function

What does hemiplegia mean?

Paralysis or injury affecting one side of the body asymmetrically

What area of the brain has the best recovery after a stroke?

The area closest to the damage (depending on severity)

What area of the brain is associated with receptive aphasia?

Wernicke’s- inability to understand speech

What type of tests are used for dementia, concussion, and Alzheimer’s?

MRI Scans

What are the recurrent symptoms of tumors?

Headaches

Visual Distortions

Vomiting

Dizziness

Balance Issues

Memory Problems

Difficulty with language

Compare and Contrast Glioblastomas and Meningiomas.

Meningiomas- Benign slow growing tumor, arising from meninges (protective layer of the brain)

Glioblastomas- Malignant tumor, arising from Gila, they can appear in either hemisphere, cerebellum, or brain stem

Generally speaking, what is the most dangerous type of brain tumor?

Modual Blastomas or Malignant Tumor

What disorder is associated with global cognitive decline?

Alzheimer’s Disease: Genetically based, progressive neuro degeneration; most frequent of Dementia’s characterized by cognitive decline and decline in at least one other functioning area.

What are the three medications for Alzheimer’s?

Aricept

Namenda

Exelon

may slow down progression early, for up to 6-9 months

What is pick disease and what does it mimic?

A genetic disease creating abnormally shaped cells, which cause degeneration, mimics Alzheimer’s, but more generally specific to certain lobes.

What is Hutington’s Chorea?

Early onset neurodegenerative disease, causing growth of little tumors throughout the brain, most commonly in the temporal lobe.

What is the difference between Generalized seizures and Focal seizures?

Generalized Seizures- abnormal electrical activity throughout the whole brain, presenting as tonic-clonic, petit mal, or myoclonic seizures.

Focal Seizures- abnormal electrical activity in specific areas of the brain, previously known as partial seizures.

In Tonic-Clonic seizures, what is tonic, what is clonic, and which stage comes first?

1st: Tonic- stiffness muscle rigidity, loss consciousness

2nd: Clonic- Rhythmic repetitive jerking

What is Fatigue Mol seizures and what were they previously known as?

Brief periods of unresponsive staring. Previously known as absent seizures.

What are Myoclonic seizures?

These are sudden brief muscle jerks or twitches, typically affecting extremities.

Name three anti-seizure medications.

Tegretol

Lamictal

Topamax

What two arteries do the aorta split and form what two arteries?

Internal Carotid Arteries

Name three types of working memory.

Recognition Memory- recognize information based on cues, like multiple choice

Recall Memory- ability to bring back stored information without cues, like short essay questions

Implicit Memory- allows individuals to conduct tasks without thinking about them, like riding a bicycle

What age is early onset Alzheimer’s?

Sixty-Five years-old

How do you treat Global Aphasia?

Extensive speech therapy starts phonetics, work your way back. Time heals, arteries will slowly branch out, neurons recover.

What is an Aura?

A strong sensation and preliminary notion of a seizure coming

Functional impairment in brain tumors is determined by what?

Size and Location of tumor

What is the first thing a rehabilitation psychologist would access?

Space

Time

Orientation

(3 W’s) (Where, what, and when)

What are the signs of a stroke?

Slurred Speech

Disorientation

Droopy Face

Confusion

Balance Issues

What is the difference between Hemorrhagic and Ischemic strokes?

Hemorrhagic- To blow an artery, massive loss, and severe damage to neurons. Also, there’s a 75% death rate.

Ischemic- Gradual blockage of blood vessels with plaque

Strokes are symmetric, what does that mean?

Whatever side of the brain is affected, it is experienced on the opposite side.

What are the survival rates associated with hemorrhagic strokes?

25%

What is epilepsy?

Recurrent seizures caused by abnormal electrical activity in the brain. Range of symptoms from confusion and spacing out loss of conscience, jerking, and convulsion.

More commonly in women than men, which indicates better interhemispheric communication

Are men or women prone to leak arteries?

Men

What are two characteristics differentiating men and women?

Rotation of Mental Images

Hand Strength

Two vertebral arteries combine to form what?

Basilar Artery

What does the post-terrier communicating artery do?

Provides circulation to the occipital lobe, connects to anterior communicating artery.

What is the Circle of Willis and an example of its functioning?

Union of anterior and posterior circulation, providing redundancy/back up system to ensure blood flow to all areas of the brain.

What is the Mean and Standard Deviation in WAIS-5?

General Score-

Mean= 100, Standard Deviation= 15

Scaled Score-

Mean= 10, Standard Deviation= 3

What is the most stable test on the WAIS-5?

Vocabulary

What are examples of assessments by rehabilitation psychologists?

Orientation (who, what, where)

Mood/Personality Changes

Speech and Coherence

Executive Functioning

Sequential Reasoning

Common Sense

Practicality

Visual Motor, Visual Spatial functioning

Concentration

Diligence

Visual Tracking/Divided Attention

Gait and Balance

What are the effects of the temporal stroke?

Memory Problems

What are the effects of a frontal stroke?

Judgement Problems

Executive Functioning

Sequential Reasoning

Cognition

What are the effects of a cerebellar stroke?

Posture

Gait

Balance

What types of Aphasia are there?

Receptive

Expressive

Global

Receptive Aphasia

Damage to Wernick’s area resulting in ability to understand speech

Expressive Aphasia

Damage to Broca’s area resulting inability to make meaningful speech

Global Aphasia

Damage to both Wernick’s and Broca’s area, resulting in inability to understand or express speech

Always involves the left middle cerebral artery

Coup Contrecoup

Common secondary injury to a concussion

Coup

Initial impact with skull

Countrecoup

Second impact to opposite side of the brain

Meningiomas

Generally benign slow growing tumor, arising from meninges (protective layer of the brain)

Glioblastomas

Generally malignant tumors, arising from the Gila, can appear in either hemisphere, cerebellum, or brain stem.

Medulla Blastomas

Appearing in the cerebellum, malignant tumors tend to branch out infecting other areas, also surround themselves in brain tissue making them inoperable.

Gila

Non-neuronal cells between your neurons that provide structure and metabolic support.

What is the last function area to go to in Dementia?

Word Fluency

Word Fluency

Able to hold out logical conversations, sound completely coherent but forget the conversation 10-15 minutes later.

Confrantation Naming

Ability to label objects- people with dementia often struggle with them, they’re able to describe the function of the object but cannot name it.

What other treatments for Alzheimer’s other than medication?

Exercise

Anti-Inflammatory Diet

Regular Reading and Activity/Interaction

Care Units when further progressed or without family

Vascular Dementia

Caused by progressed micro vessel disease/ischemia, creating potholes through the brain.

What is the treatment for Vascular Dementia?

Blood Thinners

Exercise

Walking Groups

Dietary Changes

What is the worst candidate for Vascular Dementia?

Diabetic- number of complications associated with diabetes

How can you differentiate between Picks and Alzheimer’s?

Autopsy

Lacunar Infarcts

An infarct is ischemic blockage in small arteries, resulting in small vessel ischemic- eventually progressing in vascular dementia.

What are symptoms of Epilepsy?

Confusion

Spacing Out

Loss of Conscience

Jerking

Convulsions

Generalized Seizures

Abnormal electrical activity throughout the whole brain presenting as tonic-clonic, petit mal, or myoclonic seizures.

Focal Seizures

Abnormal electrical activity in specific areas of the brain; previously known as partial seizures.

What were Tonic-Clonic seizures previously known as?

Grand Mal Seizures

Myclonic Seizures

Sudden, brief, muscle jerks or twitches, typically affecting extremities

What is the surgery for Epilepsy?

Used in severe cases, last resort

Resective Surgery- remove certain part of the brain to reduce seizures

What kinds of treatments are there for Epilepsy other than medication?

Ketogenic Diet

Vagus Nerve Stimulation

Vegus Nerve Stimulation

Implanted device that sends impulses, preventing or stopping electrical storm.

Ketogenic Diet for seizures

Low Carb

High Fat

High Protein Diet

What are common anti-seizure medications?

Tegretol

Depakote

Lamictal

Keppra

Topamax

Trileptal

Dilantin

Gabapentin/Neurontin

Ventral is to front as blank is to top

Posterior

Anterior is to front as blank is to back

Posterior

What arteries supply the anterior circuit?

Internal Carotid Arteries

What system supplies the posterior circuit?

Vertebrobasilar System

What does the internal carotid artery do?

Travels up your neck, branching into your left and right cerebral arteries, supplying blood and oxygen to your brain, especially your frontal and temporal.

What does the Subclavian Artery do?

Runs through our shoulders and neck, branching into two vertebral arteries to supporting the middle and lower brain.

What does the Basilar Artery branch into?

Posterior Cerebral Artery

Posterior Communicating Artery

What does the Posterior Cerebral Artery do?

Provides circulation to the back of the brain (occipital and parietal lobe) connects to middle cerebral artery.