Ap human geo - unit 2

Agricultural density

The ratio of the number of farmers to the amount of arable land, indicating the efficiency of agricultural production in a region.

arithmetic density

The total number of people divided by the total land area, measuring population distribution in a region.

asylum seekers

Individuals who flee their home country due to persecution or fear of persecution and seek protection in another country.

brain drain

The emigration of highly trained or qualified individuals from one country to another, often resulting in a loss of skilled labor in the originating country.

CBR

The crude birth rate (CBR) is the number of live births per 1,000 people in a given year, used to measure population growth.

CDR

The crude death rate (CDR) is the number of deaths per 1,000 people in a given year, used to assess mortality rates in a population.

IMR

The infant mortality rate (IMR) is the number of deaths of infants under one year old per 1,000 live births in a given year, reflecting the health of a population.

TFR

The total fertility rate (TFR) is the average number of children that would be born to a woman over her lifetime, given current birth rates and assuming she survives through her childbearing years.

NIR/RNI

The natural increase rate (NIR), also known as the rate of natural increase (RNI), is the difference between the number of live births and the number of deaths in a population over a specific period, typically expressed as a percentage of the total population.

carrying capacity

is the maximum population size that an environment can sustain indefinitely without degrading the environment, based on available resources.

chain migration

is a process where migrants from a particular town or region follow others from that area to a new destination, often due to family or community ties

circular migration

is the temporary movement of individuals between their home and host locations, often for work or education, with the intention of returning

Cohort

Is a group of individuals who share a common characteristic typically used in demographic studies to track changes overtime

dependency ratio

Is a measure of the ratio of dependence (people younger than 15 or older than 64) to the working age (ages 15-64) used to assess the economic burden of the productive population

ecumene

The inhabited areas of the earth were people live, contrasting the uninhabited region

guest worker

A person who is permitted to work in a country temporarily often filling, labor shortages in sector, such as agriculture or construction

hollow core

A model explaining urban development where cities population density decreases at its center leading to an area of low occupancy within the urban space

internal migration

The permanent movement of people within a country often from ruled to urban areas in search of better economic opportunities or living conditions

internally displaced person

A person who has been forced to flee their home but remains within their countries borders often due to conflict persecution or national disasters

intervening obstacles

factors that hinder migration such as physical barriers or legal restrictions that prevent people from moving to their desired destination

intervening opportunities

Factors that encourage migration by providing advantages or benefits along the migration route, making certain destinations, more attractive

mathusian theory

Theory proposed by Thomas Mathus, that growth outpace food production leading to the widespread famine and society struggles

neo mathusians

Advocates of a revised enthusiast theory that emphasizes the potential for overpopulation, and it affects on resources arguing the population growth can lead to environmental degradation and food scarcity

physiological density

The number of people per unit area of arable land indicated population pressure on agricultural resources

population density

population distribution

The spatial arrangement of people across Earth's surface.

refugees

People forced to flee their country due to conflict, persecution, or disasters, unable to return safely.

remittance

Money sent by migrants to family members in their home country, often supporting the local economy

step migration

Migration that occurs in stages, such as moving from a village to a town and then to a city.

transhumance

The seasonal movement of livestock and people between highland and lowland pastures

transnational migration

When people move across international borders while maintaining connections to their home country.

voluntary migration

When people choose to move, often for economic opportunities or better living conditions.