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Civil Rights Movement

• A movement largely driven by youth that fought for civil rights and racial equality.

Black Panthers

A group that fought for African American civil rights during the Civil Rights Movement.

Brown Berets

A pro-Chicano group modeled after the Black Panthers that had a militant style and also provided clinical care.

White Panthers

• A group of white people who supported and agreed with the goals of the Black Panthers

Young Lords

A group formed by Puerto Ricans in New York and Chicago.

American Indian Movement (AIM)

A Native American movement that fought for Native land rights and opposed police harassment.

Ethnic Studies

The study of the history, experiences, cultures, and struggles of racial and ethnic groups that were often excluded from traditional Eurocentric education.

Where did Ethnic Studies begin?

San Francisco State University, or SFSU.

Why did Ethnic Studies begin?

Students realized their classes were Eurocentric and did not represent students from non-European backgrounds.

SFSU Student Strike

• The longest student strike, which helped lead to the creation of Ethnic Studies programs.

Black Student Union (BSU)

One of the student organizations that helped organize the movement for Ethnic Studies at SFSU.

Third World Liberation Front (TWLF)

A student coalition that helped organize the SFSU strike and fought for greater representation of minority groups in education.

George Murray

A Black teacher who was fired because he was not politically aligned with the school.

What happened to George Murray?

He was punished and fired from his teaching position and never received his job back.

Result of the SFSU Strike

It helped create Asian American Studies, African American Studies, Latino Studies, and other Ethnic Studies programs.

Four Branches of Ethnic Studies

African American Studies, Native American/Indigenous Studies, Chicanx/Latinx Studies, and Asian American Studies.

African American Studies

A branch of Ethnic Studies focused on the experiences, history, and culture of African Americans.

Native American/Indigenous Studies

A branch of Ethnic Studies focused on Native American and Indigenous peoples.

Chicanx/Latinx Studies

A branch of Ethnic Studies focused on Chicanx and Latinx communities.

Asian American Studies

A branch of Ethnic Studies focused on Asian American experiences, cultures, and histories.

Critical Race Theory

The study of how systemic racism is embedded in history and society.

Controversy over Critical Race Theory

Critical Race Theory has been banned in some states because critics believe it teaches or encourages racism.

Assembly Bill 101

A California law signed in 2021 by Governor Gavin Newsom that made Ethnic Studies a high school graduation requirement.

Gavin Newsom and Ethnic Studies

Governor Gavin Newsom signed Assembly Bill 101 in 2021.

“Asian” as an umbrella term

“Asian” refers to many different groups and regions rather than one single culture or identity.

Pacific Islanders

• People connected to Pacific Island regions such as Guam, Hawaii, and American Samoa.

Southeast Asia

A region that includes countries such as Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia, and the Philippines.

South Asia

A region that includes countries such as India and Pakistan.

East Asia

A region that includes countries such as China and Japan.

Mainland Asia

The continental areas of Asia included under the broader Asian umbrella.

Power

A major concept in Ethnic Studies involving who has the ability to influence people, institutions, and society.

Race

A major concept studied in Ethnic Studies involving racial groups and their experiences in society.

Orientalism

A major concept in Asian American and Ethnic Studies dealing with how Asian and Eastern societies are viewed and represented.

Intersectionality

A concept that examines how different identities and social categories can overlap and affect a person's experiences.

Why were students dissatisfied with Eurocentric education?

Students came from many racial and ethnic backgrounds but were mainly being taught material centered on European experiences.

Connection between the Civil Rights Movement and Ethnic Studies

Civil rights organizations and student activism challenged racial inequality and helped inspire demands for greater representation in education.

Main goal of the fight for Ethnic Studies

To make education more representative of the histories and experiences of different racial and ethnic groups.

AAPI Studies

The study of Asian American and Pacific Islander histories, cultures, identities, and experiences within the broader field of Ethnic Studies.