Lymphatic + Respiratory

The ability to ward off damage or disease through our own defenses

Immunity

Disease producing microbes such as bacteria and viruses

Pathogens

Defenses present at birth

Innate Immunity

Involves specific recognition of a microbe once it has breached the innate immunity defenses

Adaptive Immunity

What are the components of the Lymphatic System

-Lymph

-Lymphatic Vessels

-Lymphatic Tissue

-Red Bone Marrow

3 Main Functions of the Lymphatic System

1) Drains excess interstitial fluid

2) Transports dietary lipids

3) Carry out immune responses

Lymphatic Vessels start as

Lymphatic Capillaries

Right lymphatic duct drains into

Right subclavian vein

Thoracic duct drains into

Left subclavian vein

Which duct drains the lower limbs, abdominal region, head, neck left upper limb, and left side of thorax

Thoracic Duct

Which duct drains the right side of the head, neck and thorax, and the right upper limb.

Right Lymphatic Duct

Where does the remaining interstitial fluid that does not get reabsorbed into the capillary on the venous end drains into

And what is this fluid called

Drains into Lymphatic Capillary

Fluid is called Lymph

What is the flow of Lymph

L.A.L.E.C.S

1)Lymphatic Capillary

2)Afferent Lymphatic Vessels

3)Lymph Node

4)Efferent Lymphatic Vessels

5)Lymphatic Trunk

6)Collecting Duct

7)Subclavian Vein

Muscle contractions compress lymphatic vessels and force lymph fluid towards the subclavian veins

Skeletal Muscle Pump

Sites where stem cells divide and become immunocompetent

Ex- Red Bone marrow & Thymus

Primary Lymphatic Organs

Sites where most of the immune responses occur

Ex- Lymph nodes, Lymphatic nodules, and spleen

Secondary Lymphatic organs and tissues

Soft bi-lobed gland located behind the sternum

Thymus

What type of cells are present in the Thymus Gland

-Lymphocytes

-Macrophages

-T cells (When Thymosin is present lymphocytes mature into T cells)

What are lymph nodes encapsulated by

Connective tissue

What type of cells do lymph nodes contain

Lymphocytes & Macrophages

Where does most of the lymph fluid drain into on the breast

~75%

Lateral Quadrants of Breast

Where does most breast cancer appear in

Upper Lateral Quadrant

What is the bodies largest lymphatic organ

Spleen

What does the spleen do

Filters blood by removing damaged RBC’s and bacteria

Masses of lymphatic tissue that are not surrounded by a capsule

Lymphatic Nodules

Where a lymphatic nodules mostly found

Mucous membrane lining the GI tract, appendix, tonsils, urinary, reproductive, and respiratory tracts

(MALT)

Nonspecific (innate) Immunity

Guards against any pathogens

Specific (adaptive) Immunity

Guards against very specific pathogens

What is the 1st line of defense for Nonspecific (Innate) Immunity

Skin and Mucous Membranes

(Saliva, Tears, Gastric Juices, Sebaceous glands)

What is the 2nd line of defense for Nonspecific (Innate) Immunity

Internal Defenses

Antimicrobial Substances, Killer Cells, Phagocytes, Inflammation, Fever

What are the 5 phases of Phagocytosis

C.A.I.D.K

Chemotaxis ; Adherence ; Ingestion ; Digestion ; Killing

Chemicals that attract phagocytes are released from microbes, white blood cells, damaged tissue cells, or activated compliment proteins

Chemotaxis

The phagocyte attaches to the microbe or other foreign material

Adherence

The plasma membrane of the phagocyte sends out pseudopods that engulf the microbe. When the pseudopods meet, they fuse, surrounding the microbe in a phagosome

Ingestion

The phagosome enters the cytoplasm and merges with lysosomes to form a larger structure called a phagolysosomes. These lysosomes breakdown proteins.

Digestion

The chemicals released by the lysosomes within the phagolysosmes that kill the microbe. Any materials that cannot be degraded remain in structures called residual bodies

Killing

An attempt to dispose of microbes toxins, or foreign material at the site of injury

Inflammation

What does PRISH (inflammation mean)

P- Pain due to chemical release

R- Redness because of rushing blood

I- Immobility

S- Swelling

H- Heat

Increased diameter of arterioles

Vasodilation

Substances normally retained in the blood are permitted to pass from the blood vessels due to

Increased Capillary Permeability

What happens when a lymphatic system identifies an antigen

An immune response is elicited through lymphocytes

What percentage of Lymphocytes become T Cells

70-80% of Lymphocytes

What percentage of Lymphocytes become B Cells

20-30% of Lymphocytes

Where do T Cells mature in

Thymus

What type of immune response do T Cells do

Cellular Immune Response

Where do B Cells mature in

Red Bone Marrow

What type of immune response do B Cells have

Humoral Immune Response

What are the 2 Types of Adaptive Immunity

1) Cell-mediated immunity → T Cells

2) Antibody-mediated immunity → B Cells

What are the three ways antibodies can react to antigens

1) Antigen agglutination

2) Neutralize toxins

3) Stimulation Inflammation

Where are IgG Antibodies located

Tissue Fluid and Plamsa

What does IgG Antibodies do

Defends against bacterial cells, viruses, and toxins

ONLY ANTIBODY THAT CAN CROSS THE PLACENTA

Where is IgA Antibodies located

Exocrine Glands like breast milk, saliva, tears, nasal fluid, gastric juices, bile, & urine

What does IgA Antibodies do

Localized protection of mucus membranes

Where are IgM Antibodies located

Blood plasma

What does IgM Antibodies do

React with WBC’s during transfusions

Where are IgD Antibodies located

B Lymphocytes

What does IgD Antibodies do

B Cell Activation

Where are IgE Antibodies located

Mast Cells & Basophils

What does IgE Antibodies do

Involved with allergic reactions

Immunity can be acquired naturally or artificially

True

Immunity can be acquired actively or passively

True

Immunity that occurs after exposure to an antigen for the first time

Naturally acquired active immunity

Immunity that occurs through the use of vaccines

Artificially acquired active immunity

Immunity that occurs as antibodies are passed from mother to fetus

Naturally acquired passive immunity

Immunity that involves injection of Antibodies

Artificially acquired passive immunity

What is the average breaths per minute for a normal adult

12-18 breaths per minute

The exchange of gasses between atmosphere, blood, and cells

Respiration

What are the three steps involved in respiration

1) Pulmonary Ventilation

2) External Respiration

3) Internal Respiration

Nose, nasal cavity, and pharynx are all part of the

Upper Respiratory System

Larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs

Lower Respiratory System

Cavities and tubes that filter warm and moistened air in the lungs.

Conducting Zones

Tubes and tissue within the lungs where gas exchange occurs

Respiratory Zones

3 Main Functions of the Respiratory System

1) Gas exchange

2) Helps regulate blood pH

3) Vocal sounds

Where is the nasal cavity located

Posterior to the external nose

What separates the nasal and oral cavities

Palate

Funnel-shaped, muscular tube that begins behind the nasal cavity and ends at the larynx.

Pharynx

What type of muscle makes up the pharynx

Skeletal Muscle

Order of the three pharynx’s from top to bottom

Nasopharynx —> Oropharynx —> Laryngopharynx

The passageway that connects the pharynx and trachea

Also called voice box.

Larynx

A large, leaf-shaped piece of elastic cartilage that closes off the larynx during swallowing.

Epiglottis

Two fused plates that form the anterior wall of the larynx

Adam’s Apple

Thyroid Cartilage

False Folds vs True Folds

False Folds (vestibular folds)- Superior, function in holding breath and preventing debris from entering the trachea.

True Folds (vocal folds)- Produce sounds by vibrating as air passes over them.

A passageway for air that is located anterior to the esophagus and extends from the larynx to the superior border of the fifth thoracic vertebrae

Supported by a C-shaped ring

Divides in the right and left bronchi

Wind Pipe

Trachea

What type of cartilage is the trachea made up of

Hyaline Cartilage

What type of epithelium lines the trachea

Ciliated pseudo stratified columnar epithelium

A ridge of cartilage is formed by the last tracheal cartilage and is located between the right and left main bronchi

Carina

Which bronchus is more vertical and shorter than the other one, right or left?

Right main bronchus

An aspirated object is more likely to enter and lodge in which bronchus, right or left

Right main bronchus

What type of epithelium lines the bronchi

Ciliated pseudo stratified columnar epithelium

Branching of the Bronchial Tree

1) Trachea

2) Main Bronchi

3) Lobar Bronchi

4) Segmental Bronchi

5) Bronchioles

6) Terminal Bronchioles

Where does the lobar (secondary) bronchi lead too

Right & Left Lung

Where does the segmental (tertiary) bronchi lead too

Bronchioles

Terminal Bronchiole marks the end of which zone

Conducting Zone

Lungs are separated by what

Heart

Mediasternum

The lungs are enclosed and protected by a double-layered serous membrane called

Pleural Membrane

Superficial layer that lines the wall of the thoracic cavity

Parietal Pleura

The deep layer that covers the lungs directly

Visceral Pleura

Inflammation of the pleural membranes is called

Pleuritits

When excess fluid can accumulate between the layers in the pleural space

Pleural Effusion

If the pleural cavities fill with air

Pneumothorax