Mircobiology (diseases: skin,eye, gastrointestinal, respitory, and nervous system)

Cutibacterium Acnes

Normal skin flora clogged by sebum and pores which causes inflammation

Staphylococcus Aureus

“Staph infections” are a collection of skin diseases caused by Staphylococcus species

Staph Impetigo S/S

Superficial pus-filled vesicles, reddened skin, itchy vesicles and crust over honey-colored lesions

Impetigo

Highly contagious, Direct contact transmission

Erysipelas

Impetigo spreads to surrounding skin lymph nodes, raised rash with borders and extensive inflammation and pain

Erysipelas S/S

Fever, Chills and Leukocytosis

Cellulitis S/S

Infection of lower dermis, Subcutaneous fat, fever, leukocytosis, complicated by MRSA

MRSA

Type of “staph” bacteria resistant to common antibiotics making infections harder to treat

Scalded Skin Syndrome

Exfoliative toxins produced by S. aureus which causes the outer layer of epidermal cells to peel in sheets and may be carried by the bloodstream to other areas

Strep. Pyogenes

Causes Toxic shock syndrome, necrotizing fasciitis, impetigo and cellulitis

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Commonly found in water and soil; is a common cause of opportunistic infections, creates pyocyanin and pyoverdin that helps P. aeruginosa survive in low-iron environments

Chickenpox and Shingles

Varicella-zoster, spread through respiratory droplets and direct contact with pox lesions

Chickenpox S/S

fever with itchy vesicular rash, may travel to peripheral nerves and become latent

Shingles

Reactivation of chickenpox, rashes on back and nerve-rich areas, appears as a band of blisters on one side of the body, can pleased to Postherpetic neuralagia

Bacterial conjunctivitis

Inflammation of the conjunctiva with purulent discharge

Gonococcal Ophthalmia Neonatorum

Newborn eye infection, vision damage if left untreated. If neonate is exposed to pathogen in birth canal of mother

Protozoan Keratitis

Found in natural and tap water. Can lead to severe corneal damage, vision impairment or blindness if left untreated (improper contact storage, handling and disinfection)

Acanthamoeba (Protozoan Keratitis) S/S

Eye pain, redness, blurred vision, light sensitivity, excessive tearing

Loiasis

Parasite spread by deerflies, which ingest the larvae from an infected human; turning into worms

Upper Respiratory Tract Infections

Sinusitis, Pharyngitis, and Epiglottitis

Sinusitis

Infectious agents and inhaled allergens can aggravate and inflame the sinuses and nasal passages; blocks drainage of mucus into the nose

Pharyngitis

Inflammation of the pharynx caused by bacteria, viruses or allergens

Epiglottitis

Inflammation and swelling of the epiglottis, which can block the airway

Lower Respiratory Tract Infections

Laryngitis, Tracheitis, Bronchitis, and Pneumonia

Laryngitis

Inflammation of the larynx

Tracheitis

Inflammation of the trachea

Bronchitis

Inflammation of the bronchi

Pneumonia

More server than common respiratory symptoms, inflammation of the lung tissue, can upset the delicate oxygen balance required in the body

Pneumonia S/S

Fever, Chills, Shortness of breath, sweating etc

Secondary Bacteremia

When bacteria enters other parts of the body such as, skin lesions, lungs, mouth or intestines, bladder or genital mucosa; can lead to sepsis

Sepsis

When your immune system overreacts to the infection and attacks normal tissue and organs

Haemophilus influenzae

Can cause different infections ranging from ear to bloodstream.

Invasive diseases caused by H. Influenzae

Pneumonia, meningitis, epiglottis, cellulitis, infectious arthritis, bloodstream infections

Mycobacterium Tuberculosis

Causes chronic granulomatous disease that can typically infect the lungs. Infectious dose is only 10 cells. Diagnosed through chest x-ray

Influenza

Resemble a severe cold, most strains bind to ciliated cells in the URT, some strains can directly affect the lungs

Type A influenza

Most common cause of flu epidemics

Type B influenza

Less impactful, but still causes episdemics

Type C influenza

a less well-known influenza virus that typically causes a mild respiratory illness or no symptoms at all

Influenza hemagglutinin (HA)

Allows influenza to attach and invade target cells in the respiratory tract

Influenza Neuraminidase

Helps newly formed viral particles escape the host cell

Antigenic Drift

Random mutations, causes minor changes in HA and NA spikes, allows evasion of the immune system

Antigenic shift

Major genetic change, causes major alterations in viral antigens, can allow for pandemics

RSV

Enveloped RNA virus, pneumoviridae family

Histoplasmosis

Fungal disease of the RS from a dimorphic fungi that can exist in the form of mold and yeast

Rotavirus

Leading cause of enteritis in children <5

Norovirus

Leading cause of acute viral gastroenteritis. Infectious dose is 20 particles.

Foodborne infection

After ingestion, pathogen establishes infection in the host. Thats 1-5 days for symptoms to appear.

Food poisoning

No infection, an ingested toxin causes the illness symptoms. Bacteria doesn’t actively grow in the host, triggered by ingested enterotoxins

Clostridium botulinum neurotoxin

Boutlism: Exotoxin enters the blood and targets nerves, early symptoms are weakness vertigo, nausea etc, later symptoms include difficulty swallowing and speaking

Giardia lamblia

Backpacker’s diarrhea, lives in the gut of infected people and animals and comes out the body in feces. Lives for weeks to months outside the body

Nematodes

Round-bodied worms includes roundworms, pinworms, hookworms, and whipworms

Cestodes

Segmented flat-bodied worms flat-bodied worms that are non-segmented; beef, pork and fish tapeworms.

Trematodes

Unsegmented flat-body worms including flukes

Ascaris Lumbricoides

When an individual consumes embryonated eggs, which travel to the intestine and the larvae are able to hatch

Brucellosis (Undulant fever)

Granulomas made by bacteria being phagocytized by macrophages and disseminated throughout the body

Bubonic plague

Transferred by the bite of infected fleas. Develop fever, headache, chills and buboes (painful lymph nodes). 2-8 day incubation period

Septicemic plague

Bacteria is directly introduced into the bloodstream through a cut or wound and circulates through the body. Skin and other tissues may turn black and die. First symptom of plague or may develop from untreated bubonic plague

Pneumonic plague

Transmission occurs between humans or between humans and infected animals through the inhalation of Y. Pestis in aerosols. Develops when bacteria spread to the lungs of a patient with untreated bubonic or septicemic plague, or when a person inhales infectious droplets. 1 day incubation period.

Ebola Virus

High contagious disease caused by species of Ebolavirus, a BSL-4 single stranded RNA filovirus. A hemorrhagic fever virus that can infect almost every cell in the body. Virus attacks the immune system diminishing cells that can destroy virions such as macrophages, dendritic cells and NK cells

Malaria

Caused by a protozoan parasite in the Plasmodium genus

Blood-brain barrier

Differences between the structure and function of capillaries that feed and nourish the brain and other capillaries in the body. Protects the brain from infection by limiting pathogen access

Polio

Viral capsid protects against stomach acid reaching and binding intestinal cells, travels to skeletal muscles and replicates, goes up motor neurons to the CNS and causes severe inflammation

Arboviral Encephalitis

Invades white blood cells for replication. After becoming systemic some arboviruses invade and destroy the blood vessel cells that for the blood-brain barrier

Haemophilus meningitis

Etiological agent: Haemophilus influenzae, type b is the most serious invasive strain

Meningococcal meningitis

Etiological agent: Neisseria meningitides, serogroup b causes a majority of cases in children younger than one year old, rash like symptoms to larger bruise like lesions

Pneumococcal meningitis

Ea: Streptococcus pneumonia, nose and throat bacteria spread into the bloodstream, rapid bacterial growth, host tissue damage