AP Psychology Unit 14

social facilitation

social facilitation

An increase in a person's performance due to being in a group.

social loafing

A decrease in a person's performance due to being in a group.

Deindividuation

when group members lose their sense of personal identity/responsibility and the individuals feel anonymous or no sense of personal responsibility (mob mentality)

Group think

An excessive tendency to seek concurrence/agreement among group members.

group polarization

When individuals in a group have similar views and this leads to their options to become more extreme.

social norms

-Rules in a society about what is acceptable. -Group members are expected to follow these social norms. -Norms may be formal (laws) or informal

cognitive dissonance

-An inconsistency between a person's beliefs and behaviors that causes a person discomfort (anxiety, tension) -The person then may be motivated to change their beliefs or behavior to match in order to reduce the discomfort.

Social psychology

The scientific study of how the thoughts, feelings, and behaviors of individuals influenced by the actual, imagined, or implied presence of other people.

The Asch Effect (Solomon Asch)

People many times will conform to the group even when the group is obviously wrong. Factors: At least 3 people in the group, admiration for the group, culture, everyone else agrees.

Stanley Milgram Experiment

Obedience to Authority- How far would the subjects go in following orders when administering painful and possibly lethal shocks to others? Milgram's study influenced the APA to create ethical guidelines for experiments in the field of psychology.

bystander effect (diffusion of responsibility)

-The weakening of each group member to act or accept responsibility when it is perceived to be shared with all group members (bystanders). -In studies, the more bystanders or witnesses to the event, the less likely people will get involved.

Kitty Genovese Case

bystander effect (woman murdered; no one helped-less likely to help when others present) -caused by diffusion of responsibility

Zimbardo's Stanford Prison Experiment

an experiment in which people were assigned to be guards or prisoners- studied how drastically behaviors can change under certain influences

matching hypothesis

Most people seek out people who are perceived to be around the same level of physical attractiveness as themselves.

principle of proximity

People will begin relationships with people nearest to them and who they have the most contact with.

principle of similarity

People will most likely pair up (start a friendship or date) with someone similar to them.

mere exposure effect (attraction)

Repeated exposure to a stimulus increases a person's liking of the stimulus.

Expectancy-value theory

People decide whether to pursue a relationship by weighing the potential value of the relationship against their expectation of success in establishing the relationship.

reward theory of attraction

We prefer those who give us the maximum rewards.

disclosure

When people share intimate personal details about themselves, it shows trust. These exchanges generally lead to more attraction between people.

Triangular Theory of Love (Sternberg)

intimacy, passion, commitment

romantic love

intimacy and passion

companionate love

intimacy and commitment

fatuous love

passion and commitment

Robber's Cave Study

22 boys split into two groups. One team vs the other in competitions to receive prize. Being in a competition with each other, both teams became more aggressive against the opposing team.

in-group/out-group bias

When people favor their own group and hold the other groups in a negative light.

superordinate goals

When two groups must work together to accomplish a goal.

obedience to authority

Following the orders of a central, powerful figure.

group conformity

Going along with whatever the rest of the group wanted to do.

role taking

Acting out the part of a label.

realistic conflict theory

Deals with inner group conflicts, stereotypes, and discriminatory behaviors.

compliance strategies

strategies to get others to comply with your wishes. Foot-in-the-door, door-in-the-face, norms of reciprocity, bait and switch, low ball

foot-in-the-door phenomenon

A small request is followed by a larger request.

door-in-the-face phenomenon

An unrealistically large request is followed by a smaller request.

norms of reciprocity

People have the tendency to feel obligated to reciprocate (return) kind behavior.

bait and switch

You're presented with one thing, but upon purchasing, it is something quite different.

low-ball technique

Price is low but when you try to purchase it the price is substantially higher.

persuasive techniques

Devises used to persuade: Mere-exposure effect, central route of persuasion, peripheral route of persuasion

mere exposure effect (persuasion technique)

Bombard potential consumers with product until they like it.

central route persuasion

info/facts about product

Peripheral route of persuasion

Associating the product with something (fun, wealth, etc.) or a celebrity or other means of persuasion.

just-world phenomenon

Belief that the world is just (fair) and that people get what they deserve.

attribution theory- Kelly

Suggests how we explain the causes of behavior and events. We credit behavior either to the situation or to the person's internal disposition.

external (situational) attribution

inference that a person's behavior is caused by something about the situation

internal (dispositional) attribution

inference that a person's behavior is caused by something about the person

Fundamental Attribution Error (FAE)

The tendency to overemphasize personal traits and ignore or underemphasize the situational/external factors.

self-serving bias

The tendency to attribute one's OWN successes to personal characteristics (internal factors), and one's failures to factors beyond one's control (external factors).

actor-observer bias

The tendency to attribute our OWN behavior to external/situational factors but OTHER people's behavior to internal/dispositional factors.

Ethnocentrism

Judging other cultures by your culture's standards. Viewing YOUR culture as better or correct and others as inferior/backwards/primitive.

scapegoat theory

When things go wrong, people tend to find a target to blame.

false consensus effect

The belief that others experience and see the world the same as you do.

Other Race Effect

The tendency to recall faces more accurately than faces of other races (cross race effect/own-race bias).

Social Categorization Theory

People who don't have diverse first-hand experiences (diverse friendships, etc.) tend to revert to stereotypes and generalizations.

implicit bias

Thoughts that happen unconsciously. Associations that one makes. They are acquired from media images, news images, conversations, and education.