Unit 4 Mock Exam Ver. 2

Final electron acceptor in cellular respiration

Oxygen

Process that produces the most ATP

Oxidative phosphorylation

Enzyme that produces ATP

ATP synthase

Location of glycolysis

Cytosol

Net ATP produced by glycolysis

2 ATP

Location of the Krebs (citric acid) cycle

Mitochondrial matrix

Location of the electron transport chain

Inner mitochondrial membrane

Products of pyruvate oxidation

Acetyl-CoA, NADH, and CO₂

Process that converts glucose into glycogen

Glycogenesis

Hormone that stimulates glycogenesis

Insulin

Process that converts glycogen into glucose

Glycogenolysis

Hormone that stimulates glycogenolysis

Glucagon

Process that makes new glucose from non-carbohydrates

Gluconeogenesis

Main organs for gluconeogenesis

Liver and kidneys

Process that breaks triglycerides into glycerol and fatty acids

Lipolysis

Location of beta oxidation

Mitochondria

Main product of beta oxidation

Acetyl-CoA

Process that creates fat

Lipogenesis

Process that produces ketone bodies

Ketogenesis

Condition caused by excess ketone bodies

Ketosis

Hormone that lowers blood glucose

Insulin

Hormone that raises blood glucose

Glucagon

Hormone that increases basal metabolic rate

Thyroxine

Stress hormone that promotes gluconeogenesis

Cortisol

Hormone that promotes protein synthesis

Testosterone

Hormone that promotes protein synthesis and lipolysis

Growth hormone

Process that forms nonessential amino acids

Transamination

Products of transamination

Nonessential amino acids and keto acids

Keto acids can enter

Cellular respiration to produce ATP

Primary fuel during the absorptive state

Glucose

Major processes during the absorptive state

Glycogenesis, lipogenesis, and protein synthesis

Metabolic state after eating

Absorptive state

Major processes during the postabsorptive state

Glycogenolysis and lipolysis

Metabolic state between meals

Postabsorptive state

Absorptive state is

Anabolic

Postabsorptive state is

Catabolic

Enzyme that digests proteins in the stomach

Pepsin

Major lipid-digesting enzyme

Pancreatic lipase

Parietal cells secrete

HCl and intrinsic factor

Chief cells secrete

Pepsinogen and gastric lipase

Intrinsic factor is required for

Vitamin B12 absorption

Primary site of digestion

Small intestine

Primary site of nutrient absorption

Small intestine

Order of the small intestine

Duodenum → Jejunum → Ileum

Surface area structures of the small intestine

Circular folds, villi, and microvilli

Structure that provides the greatest surface area

Microvilli

Glucose and galactose are absorbed by

Na⁺ cotransport

Fructose is absorbed by

Facilitated diffusion

Lipids are packaged into

Chylomicrons

Chylomicrons enter the

Lymphatic system

Amino acids are absorbed by

Na⁺ or H⁺ cotransport

Six digestive tract functions

Ingestion, propulsion, mechanical digestion, chemical digestion, absorption, defecation

GI tract layers (inside → outside)

Mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, serosa

Function of the mucosa

Absorption, secretion, and protection

Function of the submucosa

Contains blood vessels and nerves

Function of the muscularis externa

Motility

Function of the serosa

Outer protection

Submucosal plexus controls

Secretion

Myenteric plexus controls

Motility

Liver functions

Bile production, glycogen storage, and detoxification

Gallbladder function

Stores bile

Pancreas produces

Digestive enzymes, bicarbonate, insulin, and glucagon

Portal triad

Hepatic portal vein, hepatic artery, and hepatic duct

Hepatic portal vein carries

Nutrient-rich blood from the digestive tract

Hepatic artery carries

Oxygen-rich blood to the liver

Hepatic duct carries

Bile out of the liver

Functions of the large intestine

Water absorption, feces formation, and vitamin absorption

Vitamins produced by large intestine bacteria

Vitamin K and B vitamins

Memory trick for glycogenesis, glycogenolysis, and gluconeogenesis

Genesis = Build, Lysis = Break, Neo = New

Memory trick for enteric nervous system

Submucosal = Secretion; Myenteric = Motility